What is the relative risk for the association between men and women vs COVID-19 infection? What do you conclude?

Since this research focuses on sleep habits in college students and its effect on mental health, we have proposed the research question to be what the prevalence of college student's mental health issues are due to poor sleeping habits.Previous research has shown that anxiety and depression can be two indicators of poor sleep habits in college students (Becker et al., 2018). As mentioned before, college students are also at risk of developing poor sleep habits because, as freshmen, they transition into a more significant workload than they are accustomed to doing. They are also given more freedom with their time. So, we predict a relationship between mental health and low amounts of sleep-in students. In contrast, the alternative outcome is that there will be no mental health problems arising as students lose sleep for long periods. Since getting good sleep allows us to function better throughout our days, we will likely see the impact bad quality and quantity of sleep will have on…

You think that there might be a relationship between stress for Middle Schoolers and the number of after-school activities that the student participates in. Conduct an ANOVA with an 8-step hypothesis on the following data to find if there if there is a significant relationship occurring. # of after school activities Stress Scores 0 1 0 2 0 8 1-2 3 1-2 10 1-2 4 1-2 2 1-2 6 3 or more 9 3 or more 8 3 or more 3

Researchers investigate how the presence of cell phones influence the quality of human interaction.  Subjects are randomly selected from a population and divided into an experimental group that is asked to leave their phones in the front of the room and a control group that are not asked to leave their cell phones at the front of the room.  Subjects are left alone for 10 minutes and then asked to take a survey designed to measure quality of interactions they had with others in the experiment.  What statistical test is appropriate?

This research was conducted with Korean adolescents in the Los Angeles area. Would you be willing to generalize the results of this study to Korean adolescents who live in other regions of the country? Why or why not.

A small pilot study is run to compare a new drug for chronic pain to one that is currently available. Participants are randomly assigned to receive either the new drug or the currently available drug and to report improvement in pain on a 5-point ordinal scare: 1= pain is much worse,2=pain is slightly worse,3=no change,4=pain improved slightly,5= pain much improved.Is there a significance difference in self reported improvement in pain? Use the Mann-Whitney U test with a 5% level of significance.       New Drug: 4 5 3 3 4 2       Standard Drug: 2 3 4 1 2 3

A small pilot study is run to compare a new drug for chronic pain to one that is currently available. Participants are randomly assigned to receive either the new drug or the currently available drug and report improvement in pain on a 5-point ordinal scale: 1=Pain is much worse, 2=Pain is slightly worse, 3= No change, 4=Pain improved slightly, 5=Pain much improved. Is there a significant difference in self-reported improvement in pain? Use the Mann-Whitney U test with a 5% level of significance. Please show work.                                            New Drug:                        4          5          3          3          4          2 Standard Drug:   2          3          4          1          2          3

Researchers examine the association between the fluoridation of water and the prevention of tooth decay by comparing the prevalence of tooth decay in countries that have fluoridated water with the prevalence in countries that do not. Is this a randomized experiment or an observational study? Assume that tooth decay was seen to be less common in countries with fluoridated water. Could this result be due to confounding?

Can eating a yogurt a day cause people to lose weight? In a study investigating this: (1) What is the explanatory variable? (2) What is the response variable?

In study A, explain why the researchers adjusted “BMI and initial and changes in diet and lifestyle covariates” when analyzing the association between sugary beverage intake and diabetes risk?   Objective: We evaluated the associations of long-term changes in consumption of sugary beverages (including sugar-sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juices) and artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) with subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes.   Research design and methods: We followed up 76,531 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2012), 81,597 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2013), and 34,224 men in the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (1986-2012). Changes in beverage consumption (in 8-ounce servings/day) were calculated from food frequency questionnaires administered every 4 years.   Results: During 2,783,210 person-years of follow-up, we documented 11,906 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for BMI and initial and changes in diet and lifestyle covariates,…