What is the relative risk for the association between men and women vs COVID-19 infection? What do you conclude?
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Men
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- A small pilot study is run to compare a new drug for chronic pain to one that is currently available. Participants are randomly assigned to receive either the new drug or the currently available drug and report improvement in pain on a 5-point ordinal scale: 1=Pain is much worse, 2=Pain is slightly worse, 3= No change, 4=Pain improved slightly, 5=Pain much improved. Is there a significant difference in self-reported improvement in pain? Use the Mann-Whitney U test with a 5% level of significance. Please show work. New Drug: 4 5 3 3 4 2 Standard Drug: 2 3 4 1 2 3Researchers examine the association between the fluoridation of water and the prevention of tooth decay by comparing the prevalence of tooth decay in countries that have fluoridated water with the prevalence in countries that do not. Is this a randomized experiment or an observational study? Assume that tooth decay was seen to be less common in countries with fluoridated water. Could this result be due to confounding?We are interested in comparing the proportions of men and women who say earning a large salary is very important to them. You surveyed 200 men and 200 women and recorded their answers to the question as “yes” (earning a large salary is very important) or “no” (earning a large salary is not very important). Yes No Total Men 150 50 200 Women 110 90 200 Total 260 140 400 Test the association between sex and the importance of earning a large salary using a z-test. Provide the null and alternative hypotheses, test statistic, p-value, and conclude test with 0.01 signifigance.
- In 2015, a survey found that 38% of Americans were supportive of online education for elementary and secondary education. With the increase in contagious viruses, it is of interest if this proportion has changed. In a 2019 poll, 51% of 1028 Americans were supportive of online education for elementary and secondary education. At the 10% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the percentage of all American adults who support online education for elementary and secondary education has changed from what was believed in 2015? Choose the choice that gives the null and alternative hypothesis.Can eating a yogurt a day cause people to lose weight? In a study investigating this: (1) What is the explanatory variable? (2) What is the response variable?In study A, explain why the researchers adjusted “BMI and initial and changes in diet and lifestyle covariates” when analyzing the association between sugary beverage intake and diabetes risk? Objective: We evaluated the associations of long-term changes in consumption of sugary beverages (including sugar-sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juices) and artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) with subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes. Research design and methods: We followed up 76,531 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2012), 81,597 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2013), and 34,224 men in the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (1986-2012). Changes in beverage consumption (in 8-ounce servings/day) were calculated from food frequency questionnaires administered every 4 years. Results: During 2,783,210 person-years of follow-up, we documented 11,906 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for BMI and initial and changes in diet and lifestyle covariates,…
- IL-6 is a cytokine released as an immune response to infection. Elevated IL-6 is suggested to be predictive of severe illness with Covid-19. Suppose we wanted to conduct a study to see if this is true among patients with Covid-19 in Florida. Assuming from a previous studies in other areas of the US, the mean IL-6 id 8.87 pg/mL (s.d. = 6.09 pg/mL) among individuals with moderate disease and 7.66 pg/mL (s.d.= 4.97 pg/mL) among individuals that are asymptomatic or have mild illness, how many people in total, would need to enroll in our new study to determine if there is a difference in means with 95% confidence and 80% power? A. 106 B. 301 C. 187 D. 243What is the null hypothesis for a two-tailed test of Pearson's r correlation coefficient and how is it tested using a significance level of alpha=0.05?In a study, 28 adults with mild periodontal disease are assessed before and 6 months after implementation of a dental-education program intended to promote better oral hygiene. After 6 months, periodontal status improved in 15 patients, declined in 8, and remained the same in 5.9.1 Assess the impact of the program statistically (use a two-sided test).
- An experiment was conducted to test if 2 new anti-anxiety medications will have an effect on number of anxiety symptoms. The researcher randomly assigned participants to one of the three experimental groups. Groups 1 and 2 took the 2 new medications while Group 3 took a placebo pill. The researcher was interested in determining whether there would be a difference in the number of anxiety symptoms among the three groups. Assume an alpha level of 0.05 and a two-tailed test. What statistical test should you use to evaluate the hypothesis above? one-way independent ANOVA Pearson Product-Moment Correlation simple linear regression multiple linear regression three-way independent ANOVAWhat percentage of Contra Costa County adults supports a ban on assault-style weapons? Suppose that we survey a random sample of 100 adults living in Contra Costa County and find that 62% support a ban on assault-style weapons. According to a 2015 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of U.S. adults favor a ban on assault-style weapons. Assuming that the variability in random samples will be the same in Contra Costa County as in the U.S., find the 95% confidence interval to estimate the proportion of CCC adults that favor a ban on assault-style weapons. g. Are we confident that the percentage of Contra Costa County residents that supports a ban is greater than the percentage nationwide as reported by the Pew Research Center? Why or why not?What correctly represents the coefficient of determination in terms of the variance that is an output from the analysis of variance table?
