Problem 1CO: list chemical reactions important in the production and weathering of concrete. Problem 2CO: Explain that equilibrium is dynamic, and that at equilibrium the forward and backward reaction rates... Problem 3CO Problem 4CO: calculate equilibrium constants from experimental data. Problem 5CO Problem 6CO: calculate molar solubility from Kspor vice versa. Problem 7CO Problem 8CO Problem 9CO: calculate the new equilibrium composition of a system after an applied stress. Problem 10CO: Explain the importance of both kinetic and equilibrium considerations in the design of industrial... Problem 12.1PAE: Identify the first chemical step in the production of Portland cement. How is this reaction related... Problem 12.2PAE: Explain why the hydration process for concrete is exothermic by considering the chemical bonds in... Problem 12.3PAE Problem 12.4PAE: 12.4 In what geographical region of the country would a civil engineer be most likely to use... Problem 12.5PAE Problem 12.6PAE Problem 12.7PAE Problem 12.8PAE: On your desk is a glass half-filled with water and a square glass plate to use as a cover for the... Problem 12.9PAE: An equilibrium involving the carbonate and bicarbonate ions exists in natural waters: HCO5_(aq) «=*... Problem 12.10PAE: A small quantity of a soluble salt is placed in water. Equilibrium between dissolved and undissolved... Problem 12.11PAE Problem 12.12PAE Problem 12.13PAE: Write equilibrium (mass action) expressions for each of the following reactions. 2 NOBr(g) 2 NO(g) +... Problem 12.14PAE: What is the difference between homogeneous equilibrium and heterogeneous equilibrium? Problem 12.15PAE: Write equilibrium expressions for each of the following heterogeneous equilibria. CaCO,(s) **... Problem 12.16PAE: Write equilibrium expressions for each of the following equilibria. 2 C(s) + O2(g) «=* 2 CO(g) Zn... Problem 12.17PAE: 12.17 Which of the following is more likely to precipitate sulfate ions? PbSO4(s) Pb*+(aq) +... Problem 12.18PAE: The reaction, 3 H2(g) + N2(g) (g), has the fol lowing equilibrium constants at the temperatures... Problem 12.19PAE: 12.19 For each of the following equations, write the equilibrium expression for the reverse... Problem 12.20PAE: Consider the following equilibria involving SO2(g) and their corresponding equilibrium constants.... Problem 12.21PAE Problem 12.22PAE Problem 12.23PAE Problem 12.24PAE Problem 12.25PAE Problem 12.26PAE: The following data were collected for the reaction, H2(g) + L(g) ** - HI(g), at equilibrium at 25°C:... Problem 12.27PAE: The following data were collected for a system at equilibrium at 140°C. Calculate the equilibrium... Problem 12.28PAE Problem 12.29PAE: Nitrosyl chloride, NOCI, decomposes to NO and Cl, at high temperatures: 2NOCl(g)^2NO(g) + Cl,(g)... Problem 12.30PAE: Hydrogen gas and iodine gas react via the following equation: H2(g) + I2(g)2 HI(g) \ = 76 (at 600 K)... Problem 12.31PAE: 12.31 A system consisting of 0.100 mole of oxygen gas, O2, is placed in a closed 1.00-L container... Problem 12.32PAE Problem 12.33PAE Problem 12.34PAE: 1’he reaction in Exercise 12.33 was repeated. This time, the reaction began when only NO was... Problem 12.35PAE: In the reaction in Exercise 12.33, another trial was carried out. The reaction began with an initial... Problem 12.36PAE: The experiment in Exercise 12.33 was redesigned so that the reaction started with 0.15 mol each of... Problem 12.37PAE: Again the experiment in Exercise 12.33 was redesigned. This time, 0.15 mol each of N, and O2 was... Problem 12.38PAE: At a particular temperature, the equilibrium constant, A, for the dissociation of N,O4 into NO, is... Problem 12.39PAE: A student is simulating the carbonic acid—hydrogen carbonate equilibrium in a lake: H2CO5(aq)«=*... Problem 12.40PAE: Because carbonic acid undergoes a second ionization, the student in Exercise 12.39 is concerned that... Problem 12.41PAE: Because calcium carbonate is a sink for CO32- in a lake, the student in Exercise 12.39 decides to go... Problem 12.42PAE: 12.42 The following reaction is in equilibrium in lake water: HCO,_(aq) + H+(aq)«=*H,CO,(aq) Predict... Problem 12.43PAE Problem 12.44PAE Problem 12.45PAE: The following equilibrium is established in a closed container: C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g)H=393kJmol1 How does... Problem 12.46PAE: Write the K_, expression for each of the following equilih ria for dissolution of the salt in water.... Problem 12.47PAE Problem 12.48PAE: calculate the molar solubility of the following compounds. (a) MgF2, (b) Fe(OH)3, (c) Mg3(PO4)2 Problem 12.49PAE: 12.49 The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 established the maximum permitted concentration of silver... Problem 12.50PAE: In Exercise 12.49, what is the allowed concentration of AgCl in g per 100 g of water? The Safe... Problem 12.51PAE Problem 12.52PAE: Because barium sulfate is opaque to X-rays, it is suspended in water and taken internally to make... Problem 12.53PAE: The ore cinnabar (HgS) is an important source of mercury. Cinnabar is a red solid whose solubility... Problem 12.54PAE Problem 12.55PAE: From the solubility data given for the following com pounds, calculate their solubility product... Problem 12.56PAE: The solubility of magnesium fluoride, MgF2, in water is 0.016 g/L. What is the solubility, in grams... Problem 12.57PAE: Solid Na2SO4 is added slowly to a solution that is 0.10 M in PbfNO,), and 0.10 M in Ba(NO})2. In... Problem 12.58PAE: Will a precipitate of Mg(OH)2 form when 25.0 mL of 0.010 M NaOH is combined with 75.0 mL of a 0.10 M... Problem 12.59PAE: Use the web to look up boiler scale and explain chemically why it is a problem in equipment where... Problem 12.60PAE Problem 12.61PAE Problem 12.62PAE: 12.62 Write the formula of the conjugate acid of each of the following bases, (a) OH-, (b) NHj, (c)... Problem 12.63PAE: 12.63 For each of the following reactions, indicate the Bronsted-Lowrv acids and bases. What are the... Problem 12.64PAE: What are the products of each of the following acid-base reactions? Indicate the acid and its... Problem 12.65PAE Problem 12.66PAE Problem 12.67PAE: 12.67 Hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid used in the building industry to etch patterns into glass for... Problem 12.68PAE: The pH of a 0.129 M solution of a weak acid, HB, is 2.34. What is Kafor the weak acid? Problem 12.69PAE: Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M solution of propanoic acid and determine its percent ionization. Problem 12.70PAE: Find the pH of a 0.115 M solution of NH3(aq). Problem 12.71PAE: Acrylic acid is used in the polymer industry in the production of acrylates. Its K, is 5.6 X 10“’.... Problem 12.72PAE Problem 12.73PAE Problem 12.74PAE Problem 12.75PAE: Cyanic acid (HOCN) is a weak acid with AL, = 3.5 X IO-4. Consider the titration of 25.0 inL of 0.125... Problem 12.76PAE: In a particular experiment, the equilibrium constant measured for the reaction,... Problem 12.77PAE Problem 12.78PAE Problem 12.79PAE Problem 12.80PAE Problem 12.81PAE Problem 12.82PAE Problem 12.83PAE Problem 12.84PAE Problem 12.85PAE: 12.85 In the figure, orange fish are placed in one aquarium and green fish in an adjoining aquarium.... Problem 12.86PAE: For the system in the preceding problem, show the equilibrium condition in terms of the rates of the... Problem 12.87PAE Problem 12.88PAE: Which of the following is more likely to precipitate the hydroxide ion? Cu(OH)2(s) *=» Ctr+(aq) + 2... Problem 12.89PAE Problem 12.90PAE Problem 12.91PAE: In the following equilibrium in a closed system, indicate how the equilibrium is shifted by the... Problem 12.92PAE: Consider the following system: 4NH3(g)+3O2(g)2N2(g)+6H2O(l)H=153.04kJ (a) How will the amount of... Problem 12.93PAE: The decomposition of NH4HS , NH4HS(s)NH3(g)+H2S(g) is an endothermic process. Using Le principle,... Problem 12.94PAE: You are designing a process to remove carbonate ions from an aqueous system by precipitation. If the... Problem 12.95PAE: Equal amounts of two gases, A and B3, are placed in an evacuated container and react to form AB and... Problem 12.96PAE Problem 12.97PAE Problem 12.98PAE Problem 12.99PAE: Solid CaCO3 ; is placed in a closed container and heated to 800 °C. What is the equilibrium... Problem 12.100PAE: 12.100 A reaction important in smog formation is O3(g)+NO(g)O2(g)+NO2(g)K=6.01034 (a) If the initial... Problem 12.101PAE: 12.101 An engineer working on a design to extract petroleum from a deep thermal reservoir wishes to... Problem 12.102PAE: 12.102 A chemical engineer is working to optimize the production of acrylonitrile to be used in the... Problem 12.103PAE: 12.103 Methanol, CH3OH, can be produced by the reaction of CO with H2, with the liberation of heat.... Problem 12.104PAE Problem 12.105PAE: 12.105 Using the kinetic-molecular theory, explain why an increase in pressure produces more N2O4 in... Problem 12.106PAE: 12.106 The solubility of KCl is 34.7 g per 100 g of water at 20 °C. Calculate its molar solubility... Problem 12.107PAE Problem 12.108PAE: 12.108 A nuclear engineer is considering the effect of discharging waste heat from a power plant... Problem 12.109PAE: 12.109 Copper(II) iodate has a solubility of 0.136 g per 100 g of water. Calculate its molar... Problem 12.110PAE: 12.110 In Exercise 12.109, what do you predict would happen to an aqueous copper(ll) iodate... Problem 12.111PAE: 12.111 You have three white solids. What experiment could you carry out to rank them in order of... Problem 12.112PAE Problem 12.113PAE Problem 12.114PAE Problem 12.115PAE Problem 12.116PAE Problem 12.117PAE: 12.117 The vapor pressure of water at 80.0 °C is 0.467 atm. Find the value of Kcfor the process... Problem 12.118PAE format_list_bulleted
