What is the minimum flow speed necessary to transport 0.8 mm diameter coarse sand if it is already in motion? (in cm/s) The image is a Hjulström diagram, which illustrates the relationship between flow velocity and sediment grain size to determine sediment transport, erosion, and deposition.**Axes:**- **X-axis (Horizontal):** Represents grain size in millimeters (mm), ranging from 0.001 mm (fine clay) to 1000 mm (boulders).- **Y-axis (Vertical):** Represents flow velocity in centimeters per second (cm/s), ranging from 0.1 cm/s to 1000 cm/s.**Sediment Categories:**- The top horizontal row categorizes sediment types by grain sizes: Clay, Silt, Very Fine Sand (VF S), Fine Sand (F S), Medium Sand (M S), Coarse Sand (C S), Very Coarse Sand (VC S), Granules (Gran.), Pebbles, Cobbles, and Boulders.**Curves and Zones:**- **Erosion of Consolidated Mud:** Curve near the top left, indicating the minimum velocity needed to erode consolidated clay particles.- **Erosion of Unconsolidated Mud:** Lower horizontal line showing the velocity required to erode loose mud.- **Erosion of Sand and Gravel:** Curve illustrating the velocities needed to erode larger sediments, with a peak as grain size increases.- **Deposition of Bedload:** Curve indicating when sediments carried by the flow start to settle.- **Transport in Suspension:** The area below this curve where sediment particles are transported in suspension.- **Transport as Bedload:** Zone between erosion and deposition curves where particles roll or slide along the bottom.**Key Features:**- The diagram shows that finer sediments require less energy to be transported but more energy to be initially eroded.- Larger particles need more flow velocity to be eroded but are quickly deposited when the velocity decreases.- An inset note explains that these curves are approximate for a flow depth of 1 meter and will vary with different flow depths and sediment characteristics.

Answered: What is the minimum flow speed…

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)

9th Edition

ISBN:9780134746241

Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa

Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa

Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1LR

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Question

What is the minimum flow speed necessary to transport 0.8 mm diameter coarse sand if it is already in motion? (in cm/s)

The image is a Hjulström diagram, which illustrates the relationship between flow velocity and sediment grain size to determine sediment transport, erosion, and deposition.

**Axes:**
- **X-axis (Horizontal):** Represents grain size in millimeters (mm), ranging from 0.001 mm (fine clay) to 1000 mm (boulders).
- **Y-axis (Vertical):** Represents flow velocity in centimeters per second (cm/s), ranging from 0.1 cm/s to 1000 cm/s.

**Sediment Categories:**
- The top horizontal row categorizes sediment types by grain sizes: Clay, Silt, Very Fine Sand (VF S), Fine Sand (F S), Medium Sand (M S), Coarse Sand (C S), Very Coarse Sand (VC S), Granules (Gran.), Pebbles, Cobbles, and Boulders.

**Curves and Zones:**
- **Erosion of Consolidated Mud:** Curve near the top left, indicating the minimum velocity needed to erode consolidated clay particles.
- **Erosion of Unconsolidated Mud:** Lower horizontal line showing the velocity required to erode loose mud.
- **Erosion of Sand and Gravel:** Curve illustrating the velocities needed to erode larger sediments, with a peak as grain size increases.
- **Deposition of Bedload:** Curve indicating when sediments carried by the flow start to settle.
- **Transport in Suspension:** The area below this curve where sediment particles are transported in suspension.
- **Transport as Bedload:** Zone between erosion and deposition curves where particles roll or slide along the bottom.

**Key Features:**
- The diagram shows that finer sediments require less energy to be transported but more energy to be initially eroded.
- Larger particles need more flow velocity to be eroded but are quickly deposited when the velocity decreases.
- An inset note explains that these curves are approximate for a flow depth of 1 meter and will vary with different flow depths and sediment characteristics.

Expert Solution

Step 1

Every river has three important stages namely Erosion, Transportation and Deposition. During these stages, the particles such as clay, slit, pebbles, coarse sand and other particles are carried by the river. All these particles do not move with the same velocity in the river. The relationship between size of the particle and the velocity of the particle during Erosion, Transportation and Deposition can be explained by the Hjulstrom Diagram which is shown above.