what is the difference between a gene tree and a species tree? Explain in your own words how it is possible for gorillas and humans to share a genetic trait (such as a retroviral insertion) that chimpanzees do not share, if chimpanzees and humans are really each other's closest relatives. Given the lack of agreement between gene trees and species trees, how is it possible to reconstruct the true species tree?

Based on your analysis of the following graph and accompanying cladogram (species have been assigned letters A, B, C, D, E, and F), Which of the following statements is TRUE? A В с D F -20 -15 -10 10 15 Average winter temperature (°C) Phylogeny of species Fur thickness in all 6 of these closely related species is most likely a result of Phylogenetic Affinity, and does NOT suggest an adaptation to differences in Average Winter temperature Fur thickness in the subgroup of species "A", "B" and "C" are most likely a result of Phylogenetic Affinity, and does NOT suggest an adaptation to differences in Average Winter temperature Fur thickness in the subgroup of species "D", "E" and "F" are most likely a result of Phylogenetic Affinity, and does NOT suggest an adaptation to differences in Average Winter temperature Fur thickness in the subgroup of species "A", "B" and "C" are most likely a result of Physiological Convergence. Similarity in fur thickness between species "A" and "D", and…

What is the difference between parapatric speciation and sympatric speciation?I understand that it has to do with habitat but I am having trouble conceptualizing the differences. A simplistic analogy or metaphor to help understand the differences would be very appreciated as I am a disabled student. Thank You.

Species A, B, and C are related according to the phylogeny below (A,(B,C)).  Species A and C diverged 10,000,000 generations ago, and species B and C diverged 100,000 generations ago. All three species are diploids. The mutation rate in their genomes is 1×10−9 mutations per basepair per generation. A gene found in all three species is 1,000 bp long. 75% of mutations in the gene are deleterious and 0% are beneficial. Use this information to answer the following questions. a)  If there are 20 polymorphic synonymous sites in the gene in species A, how many non-synonymous sites do you expect to be polymorphic? Assume all synonymous changes are neutral. b) In species B, there are an average of two pairwise differences between individuals within the gene. What is the effective population size of species B? c) What do you expect FST to be between species B and C? Assume no migration between the species after they diverged.

Distinguish between morphological, phylogenetic, and biological species concepts. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? What notion is common to each of the species definitions that we considered? Why do species definitions matter in conservation biology? What are the most common mechanisms of sympatric speciation and in which major group of organisms does this happen most often? Distinguish between sympatric and allopatric and parapatric speciation. Which is considered the (far) more common mechanism of species formation? What does "gene flow" between populations do? Describe the modern theory of evolution and discuss how it is supported by evidence from two of the following three areas.a. Population geneticsb. Molecular biologyc. Comparative anatomy and embryologyEvolution is one of the major unifying concepts of modern biology. Explain the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change. Describe how scientists use each of the following as evidence for evolution.• Bacterial…

How do mechanisms of speciation, such as genetic isolation, reproductive barriers, and ecological factors, apply to the human-chimp-gorilla trichotomy? Discuss the role of these mechanisms in driving speciation and shaping the evolutionary relationships among humans, chimps, and gorillas, based on genetic evidence such as comparative genomics and molecular phylogenetics.

Provide details of a mechanism that can result in the creation of new genes, with novel functions, that may contribute to the evolution of new species. Give a specific example.

Tree 1 Tree 2 Tree 3 outgroup В C outgroup В outgroup A В We have gathered some morphological data on three species of mythical mammals and the outgroup; these data are presented in the table below. Species Number of toes Eye color Tail Number of molars Outgroup 4 Brown Present 12 A Blue Absent 10 B Blue Present 12 C 5 Blue Absent 10 Now our task is to discover which of the three trees above is the most parsimonious, representing the most likely pathway of evolution. We determine the best tree by fitting the data in the table to each tree and calculating the number of evolutionary changes that are required. To facilitate our calculations, we will use the table below. The numbers in the table indicate the number of evolutionary changes that are required for each character in each tree.

Draw a possible unrooted tree that is the most parsimonious and use the table to do so. Explain why the tree is designed the way you designed it.  Be sure to use appropriate language in your explanation such as most recent common ancestor, sister taxon, ingroup/outgroup, reversal, etc.

Charles Darwin’s claim, that the species level of classification is just as arbitrary as that of any other taxonomic level, is supported by all of the following observational failures except:  the inability of a sexually-reproducing eukaryotic species to interbreed with a different species the inability of a cloning species lacking biparental reproduction to interbreed with a different species the inability of an asexual eukaryotic species to interbreed with a different species the inability of an extinct species (like a dinosaur) to interbreed with a different species the inability of a prokaryotic species to interbreed with a different species