What is the common element represented in A-mode, B-mode or M-Mode? Considering the answer for question, what physical principle can be used to calculate this element?

2. Plot the transfer function, and clearly indicate the on/off conditions of each diode, the slope of the line, and the voltages of turning points in each operating region for the following circuits. Assuming the constant-voltage model (VD,on = 0.8 V) is used to determine the DC level. Also, Plot the output waveform in time-domain if the input signal is as shown below with the amplitude and other important values labeled in the figure. (a) (b) Vin R= 500 D₁ V₁= 2.5 V D₂ A V₂ 1.6 V D₁ 2R 2X4 2R D₂ 3R out Vout Vin Vin 10 mv 1-AAAA-3.4 V >t 5 V

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Consider the filtered rectifier shown in Figure 2. Because the resistor drains the capacitor in between the peaks of the voltage drive, the output voltage is not constant. The voltage variation, which is often sawtooth-like, is called the ripple. Estimate the fractional peak-to-peak ripple AV/V of the output as a function of R, C, and the frequency f of the input sine wave. Assume that ƒ » 1/(RC). Vin R HH Figure 2: Filtered Rectifier Vout C