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What is the action of the neurotransmitter that is released from photoreceptor cells on bipolar cells?
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- When light strikes a receptor, does the receptor excite or inhibit the bipolar cells? What effect does it have on horizontal cells? What effect does the horizontal cell have on bipolar cells?Help meYou have a photoreceptor cell in a dish. You are recording its membrane potential while flashing different intensities of light. Which of the following would you observe? Group of answer choices The cell hyperpolarizes, with brighter light causing more hyperpolarization than dimmer lights The cell depolarizes, with brighter light causing more depolarization than dimmer lights If the light is bright enough to reach threshold, it will fire an action potential No change in membrane potential will be observed
- Which of the following is the role of axonal Calcium (Ca2+) channels in neuronal communication at the synapse? a) they inhibit the action potential causing it to stop b) Calcium channels have no role in this process c) by allowing calcium to exit the cell, they promote the propagation of action potential across the synapse by creating depolarization d) by blocking calcium entrance, they mediate the contraction of presynaptic axon to facilitate movement e) when they open, calcium enters the presynaptic terminal, promoting fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles with presynaptic membrane, and release of neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleftPhotoreceptor cells form glutamatergic synapses onto bipolar cells and when photoreceptor cells are depolarized the release of glutamate into the synapse is increased. One class of bipolar cells, (called OFF bipolar cells) have excitatory glutamate receptors in their post-synaptic specialization. What happens to the membrane potential of OFF bipolar cells when photoreceptors are illuminated?In most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels, generation of an action potential, and, ultimately, an influx of Ca2+, which causes release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminus. Devise a cellular strategy by which hyperpolarization in rod cells could produce excitation of the visual pathway and passage of visual signals to the brain. (Hint: The neuronal signaling pathway in higher organisms consists of a series of neurons that relay information to the brain. The signal released by one neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory to the following, postsynaptic neuron.)
- Which of the following occurs when light activates a photoreceptor? Choose all that apply. Glutamate will be released The cell will be depolarized Phosphodiesterase is inactivated [Sodium ions channels will be closed CGMP is presentDescribe different axon guidance mechanisms. Compare and contrast netrins, semaphorins, cadherins, and ephrins: in what way are netrins and cadherins similar in effect, and in what way are they different? In what way are semaphorins and ephrins similar, and in what way do they differ?Does the action potential in a single axon increase in amplitude when the stimulus amplitude is increased? Does the amplitude of the CAP increase because more fibers are firing, or the amplitude of the action potentials from single fibers are increasing, or a combination of both?
- Let’s say the synapses of a neuron’s dendrites are filled with glutamate-gated channels which, when activated by glutamate, cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the neuron. In one instance, glutamate is released at all of the synapses simultaneously and this leads to an action potential in the neuron. A) What type of summation of PSPs is this? Why? B) List the sequence of steps that occur starting from binding of glutamate to the glutamate-gated channels at the synapses and ending with the membrane potential at the axon hillock returning to resting potential at the end of the action potential. (Include all the changes in voltage-gated channels underlying the action potential.)Parkinson's Disease Parkinson's disease is neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Most people affected with Parkinson's disease demonstrate rigidity, slow movement, and shaking. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease occur when the cells that produce dopamine neurotransmitters die in the brain. Explain how the signal transmission at a synapse in an individual with Parkinson's disease is different than an unaffected individual. Describe the normal process of signal transmission at a synapse. Start with the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and include the name of the neurotransmitter that is affected by Parkinson's disease. Explain how the process is different in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.Photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye convert visible light into signals. They have special ion channels that are open to Na+ only in the dark. Visible light activation results in a change in membrane potential, as photons lead to closure of Na+ channels. Which of the following can you conclude? Select all that apply. Photoreceptor membrane potential does not change in response to light The photoreceptor cell is depolarized in the dark The photoreceptor cells is depolarized with light Photoreceptor cells hyperpolarize to light