What is scientific racism? how is it different from the other forms of racism and xenophobia that have arisen throughout world history, and why did it emerge as it did in Western societies in the 18th and 19th centuries?

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Using at least 2 major themes from the themes list and at least two termes from the terms list, give a short answer for the question. 

term list: 

Galileo Galilei / Isaac Newton / Marquis de Condorcet / Martin Luther / Nicolaus Copernicus / René Descartes / Voltaire / Cartesianism / Jesuits in China / Kaozheng / Sikhism / Taki Onqoy / Thomas Jefferson / John Adams / George Washington / Louis XVI / Marie-Antoinette / Maximilien Robespierre / Napoleon / Simon Bolivar / José San Martin / Abraham Lincoln / Karl Marx / Peter the Great / Margaretta Greg / British aristocracy / Child Labor / unions / Labour Party / sanitary reform

major themes: 

Protestant Reformation / Catholic Counter-Reformation / European Enlightenment / Wahabbi Movement / Atlantic Revolutions (Haitian, North American, French) / Terror of 1793-1794 / Spanish American Revolutions / Slavery / Feminism / Industrial Revolution / Capitalism / Social Class / Enclosure / Labor / Socialism / Urbanization / Commercialization

2. What is scientific racism? how is it different from the other forms of racism and xenophobia that have arisen throughout world history, and why did it emerge as it did in Western societies in the 18th and 19th centuries? 

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