what is process synchronization? List the different levels of parallelism that can occur and the level of synchronization that is required at each level, with justification(s).

Explain what phantom arms are and why they happen. Why is it possible that this could lead to bad concurrent processing even though the two-phase synchronisation method is being used?

Assume we have a cluster consisting of 4 identical computer nodes. Now, let’s say the program has been parallelized or partitioned for parallel execution on such a cluster. 25% of the program code must be executed sequentially, while the remaining 75% can be run parallel on the available nodes. Using Amdahl’s law, calculate the speed up if the cluster is upgraded to have 16 nodes compared to 4 nodes.

Correctly arrange them in the order in which they are carried out to handle the interruption of a running user process by assigning a number from 1 through 9 to indicate the precedence order for the following steps.For example, 1 would indicate the first step in the process, 2 would indicate the second in theprocess and so on.

The issue is which type of program-level parallelism, control or data, works best with SIMD. What kind of parallelism is most appropriate for MIMD at the program level?