What is NOT an example of antagonistic pleiotropy? A. Developmental genes that code for greater or fewer than seven cervical vertebrae have negative fitness costs. B. Genes that

You discover a recessive mutation that results in roses with no thorns (n). Investigating the genetics of roses you find that the color of red roses is determined by 2 genes; the color enzyme gene and the pigment synthesis gene. A dominant mutation (R) in the color enzyme converts pigment from blue to red.  However, the synthesis gene (Y) is required for making pigment and a recessive mutation (y) in the synthesis gene causes no pigment (white). The syn gene is epistatic to the color enzyme gene. Thinking you could dominate the valentine day rose market, you intercross a red rose that is tri-heterozygous for your no-thorn mutation, the color enzyme gene and the synthesis gene, all of which are found on different chromosomes. Although many of your n/n plants have no thorns (70%), the other 30% have less thorns ranging from 1-2 to approximately half of normal. What explains these observations? A. Penotypic variability  B. Incomplete penetrance C. Incomplete dominance D. Maternal effect…

In mammals, sperm contribute the usual haploid genome, a centriole, and a micro RNA for Bcl2.  What would be the likely result if this micro RNA did not enter the egg at fertilization? a. This micro RNA is not that important and the embryo would be fine. b. The embryo would not be able to hatch. c. The embryo would not form an orgagnizer. d. The two pronuclei would not be able to replicate their DNA and begin making an embryo.

Can chromosome duplications cause negative effects to an organism? Why or why not?   A. No. Duplicated regions of chromosomes are quickly lost by looping out during meiosis.       B. Yes. Duplicated regions increase gene dosage, which affects processes like development that require specific amounts of protein.   C. No. Cells with duplications function even more efficiently than those without duplications.   D. No. Duplicated regions of chromosomes cannot affect gene dosage because the cell can always compensate for extra copies of genes.   E. Yes. Duplicated regions require DNA to be replicated, which delays the cell cycle and wastes energy.