What is a tumour marker? How are tumour markers detected in the body and can they be used diagnostically? Provide one example of a tumour marker

Explain the following characteristics of an ideal tumor marker • Specificity for a single type of cancer • High sensitivity and specificity for cancerous growth • Correlation of marker level with tumor size • Homogeneous (i.e., minimal post-translational modifications) • Short half-life in circulation

Compare and contrast malignant and benign tumors.

The following are drugs that act as anti-tumor agents and are often used as part ofchemotherapeutic regimens for cancer patients. Explain how the use of the following drugs mayprevent cancer cell growth and/or proliferation.

Explain the following figure. According to this model, what are the two major phases of metastasis that must be successful for metastasis? What are the challenges faced by cancer cells during metastatizing?

Pick one initial of TNM cancer staging and identify what the different stages are and what they mean.

What is meant by targeted cancer therapies, and what advantages do they offer?

What are the major differences between a tumor initiator (e.g., DMBA) and a tumor promoting agent (e.g., TPA)?

Surgery remains a mainstay in the treatment of many forms of cancer, but it is no longer used in diagnosis due to the risks associated with surgery and improved nonsurgical diagnostic methods. True False

In what ways can cancer be both a cause and a symptom ofimmunodeficiency?