What events and ideas led to the belief in 1786-87 that the Articles of Confederation were not working?

Articles of confederation were adopted on 15 November 1777. The Articles forged a loose coalition of autonomous states. The central government was granted weak powers. State Government enjoyed the majority of the power.

Eventually, it was clear that a powerful federal government is required which lead to the convention in 1787. On 4 March 1789, the new and current constitution of the United States was adopted.