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- WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS One factorfavoring rapid population growth by an introduced speciesis the absence of the predators, parasites, and pathogens thatcontrolled its population in the region where it evolved. In ashort essay (100–150 words), explain how evolution by naturalselection in a region of introduction would influence the rateat which native predators, parasites, and pathogens attack anintroduced species.MAKE CONNECTIONS Commercial fisheries targetolder, larger cod fish, causing cod that reproduce at ayounger age and smaller size to be favored by naturalselection. Younger, smaller cod have fewer offspring thando older, larger cod. Predict how evolution in responseto fishing would affect the ability of a cod populationto recover from overfishing. What other reciprocal ecoevolutionary effects might occur? (See Concept 23.3.)The Atlantic cod population is of primary economic importance to fishingcommunities throughout the maritime provinces in Canada. Unfortunately, thispopulation has underwent an extreme collapse in recent years due to overfishing.Some argue, however, that the collapse of the cod population may actually beattributed to an increase in the population of harp seals, a known predator ofcod. One suggestion to help cod stocks recover is therefore to permit the huntingof harp seals on a large scale. Suggest and explain one potentially negativeconsequence of limiting the harp seal population.
- CA least tern ENDANGERED ANIMAL is CA least tern questionbases on the bird CA least term Reasons for Endangerment Explain the various factors that have led to this species’ current plight. Expand on these points individually, based on your species’ unique story. Domino Effects As we’ve learned, species are not islands unto themselves; they are integrated with many other organisms in trophic relationships, mutualisms, competition, etc. How is the absence of this species (or its lowered population size) likely to impact the other members of its habitat? (If findings specific to this point are available, please include them – otherwise, I’m asking you to speculate based on what you’ve learned about the biology of this organism.) Conservation Efforts Discuss past, current, and proposed efforts to conserve this species. Are these strategies effective? Are they realistic? What is the outlook for this organism?o determine the role of a native starfish species in a coastal ecosystem, zoologist Robert Paine removed starfish from some intertidal pools and not others. He then observed how the community changed in response to the loss of starfish by comparing the diversity of the community in the pools where starfish had been removed to the diversity in pools where he had let the starfish remain. By removing starfish from some pools, what global change driver was Robert Paine investigating? overexploitation pollution climate change invasive species habitat lossExplain how the three major types of deserts differin their climate and vegetation. Why are desert ecosystems vulnerable to long-term damage? How dodesert plants and animals survive? Explain how thethree major types of grasslands differ in their climateand vegetation. What is a savanna? Explain howsavanna animals survive seasonal variations in rainfall (Core Case Study). Why is the elephant an important component of the African savanna? DescribeTuy Sereivathana’s efforts to prevent elephants frombecoming extinct in Cambodia. Why have manyof the world’s temperate grasslands disappeared?Describe Arctic tundra and define permafrost?Explain how the three major types of forests differin their climate and vegetation. Why is biodiversityso high in tropical rain forests? Why do most soils intropical rain forests hold few plant nutrients. Whydo temperate deciduous forests typically have a thicklayer of decaying litter? What are coastal coniferousor temperate rain forests? How do most species…
- EVOLUTION CONNECTION Explain why adaptations ofparticular organisms to interspecific competition may notnecessarily represent instances of character displacement. Whatwould a researcher have to demonstrate about two competingspecies to make a convincing case for character displacement?Gray whales ( Eschrichtius robustus) gather each winter near BajaCalifornia to give birth. How might such behavior make it easierfor ecologists to estimate birth and death rates for the species?The Barton Springs salamander is an endangered species found only inthree adjacent springs in the city of Austin, Texas. There is growingconcern that a chemical spill on a nearby freeway could pollute thespring and wipe out the species. To provide a source of salamanders torepopulate the spring in the event of such a catastrophe, a proposal hasbeen made to establish a captive breeding population of the salamanderin a local zoo. You are asked to provide a plan for the establishment ofthis captive breeding population, with the goal of maintaining as muchof the genetic variation of the species as possible. What factors mightcause loss of genetic variation in the establishment of the captivepopulation? How could loss of such variation be prevented? With theassumption that only a limited number of salamanders can bemaintained in captivity, what procedures should be instituted to ensurethe long-term maintenance of as much variation as possible?
- A rain forest habitat is located in an equatorial area with a warm, wet climate. Nearby is a savanna, where the climate is equally warm but much drier. Species diversity is much higher in the rain forest. Which rain forest habitat characteristic most likely explains this difference? O More disturbances, leading to rapid species turnover O More complex habitat structure, enabling greater food availability O More complex habitat structure, enabling greater niche specialization O Fewer disturbances, leading to rapid population growth of a few species O Fewer open spaces, leading to inability of organisms to leave the habitatThe principle of competitive exclusion states that(A) two species cannot coexist in the same habitat.(B) competition between two species always causes extinctionor emigration of one species.(C) two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexistin a community.(D) two species will stop reproducing until one species leavesthe habitatSCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Some people regardthe rapid population growth of less industrialized countries asour most serious environmental problem. Others think that thepopulation growth in industrialized countries, though smaller,is actually a greater environmental threat. What problems resultfrom population growth in (a) less industrialized countriesand (b) industrialized nations? Which do you think is a greaterthreat, and why?