What are the main benefits of using a database-driven approach?

Describe the concept of sharding in database architecture and its benefits.

How are timestamps used in managing concurrent database operations?

Explain what a homogeneous distributed database is and how it varies from a heterogeneous distributed database. Also, what are the basic issues that each kind of database faces when it is used in applications that are based on the real world?

Describe the concept of sharding in the context of database architecture.

Should database designers be aware of any particular method that, depending on the context, has the potential to substantially impact a database's performance?

Explain the difference between a homogeneous distributed database and a heterogeneous distributed database, the challenges that each kind of database encounters in reality, and how they are overcome.

Consider all of the numerous methods you could need to get data in a distributed database system.

Discuss the ACID properties of database transactions. What are the trade-offs between strong consistency and high availability in distributed database systems?

Compare and contrast the file-oriented approach and the database approach.