What are the likely consequences of the following procedures on both bias and sampling error in an observational study? dentify the consequence (increase, reduce, or none) on sampling error in an observational study due to each procedure listed. Reduce a. Planning for data loss. Increase Answer Bank d. Adjusting for body size using analysis of covariance. b. Taking measurements of the subjects while unaware of which subjects belong to which group. No effect c. Including only one sex and age group in the study.

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