What are p-values? Why are they important? What does a p-value tell us? Why are p-values often misunderstood and misused? When do we reject or fail to reject the Null Hypothesis based on p-values?

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What are the equations for a two-tailed hypothesis test? How is hypothesis testing used in engineering? Describe connections to other engineerin learning.

What is the null hypothesis? Why do we want to reject our null hypothesis? The first step is the find the mean of our sample and compare it to the "hypothesized" mean of our null hypothesis—why do we do that? We use the results of our first step to calculate a test-statistic. Why is this important and how does it relate to the concept of z-score, which we learned a few weeks ago? What is a p-value? What role does it play in the rejection of the null hypothesis? What does it mean to reject the null hypothesis? Does that guarantee that the null hypothesis is false?

Provide the general form of the Pearson goodness-of-fit test statistic. Р

What is the conclusion?   What is your conclusion? -There is no evidence to suggest a difference. -There is a difference in newborns' APGAR score based on whether the mother smoked or not. -Newborns whose mothers didn't smoke have higher APGAR score than newborns whose mother did smoke.  -Newborns whose mothers didn't smoke have lower APGAR score than newborns whose mother did smoke.

Identify the claim and state Ho and H Determine whether the hypothesis test is left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed, and whether to use a z-test, a t-test, or a chi-square test. Explain your reasoning. Find the critical value(s), identify the rejection region(s), and find the appropriate standardized test statistic. Decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. A government agency reports that the mean amount of earnings for full-time workers ages 25 to 34 with a master’s degree is less than $70,000. In a random sample of 15 full-time workers ages 25 to 34 with a master’s degree, the mean amount of earnings is $66,231 and the standard deviation is $5945.  At α = 0.05, is there enough evidence to support the agency’s claim?  Assume the population is normally distributed.

A p-value smaller than the significance level, a means.... We should reject the Null Hypothesis O We should not reject the Null Hypothesis