We discussed two theories of the evolution of multicellularity in the animals, the Colonial Theory and the Syncytial Theory. For each of the two theories, give a brief summary of the theory and describe the characteristics you would expect to find in the protist ancestor proposed by each theory.
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We discussed two theories of the evolution of multicellularity in the animals, the Colonial Theory and the Syncytial Theory. For each of the two theories, give a brief summary of the theory and describe the characteristics you would expect to find in the protist ancestor proposed by each theory.
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- Compare the phylogenetic tree of protists with the secondary endosymbiosis theory which proposes how photosynthetic protists evolved. Are both reconcilable? Explain.How are forams useful for researchers to study changes in ocean temperature over time? What are mixotrophs? What is endosymbiosis and why is it consider to be the source of eukaryotic diversity? Why are we confident this only happens once? What is primary and secondary endosymbiosis? Was there another endosymbiotic event that led to a third lineage? What group of organisms possesses a structure that might suggest this possibility and what is the structure? Why is the structure question different from the ancestor of other plastids? What are diatom blooms and why are they of particular interest to climate change scientists?Give three examples of protists for which the classifications haverecently changed. In each case, what was the justification for the oldcategory, and what is the justification for the change?
- What is endosymbiosis and why is it considered to be the source of eukaryotic diversity? Why are we confident this only happened once? What is primary and secondary endosymbiosis? Was there another endosymbiotic event that led to a third lineage? What group of organisms possesses a structure that might suggest this possibility and what is the structure? Why is the structure in question different from the ancestor of other plastids?Certain protists species cause human disease that are difficult to treat and are often deadly. How does the evolutionary relatedness of humans and protists explain the difficultly of treating a person infected with a pathogenic protist?what function did molecular signals and receptors have in the protistan ancestors of complex organisms?
- Describe two ways in which paramecium differs from the projected traits of the last eukaryotic common ancestor.Draw a simple cladogram illustrating the relationships among the following: Common ancestor of all organisms, domain Eukarya, domain Bacteria, domain Archaea. To which domain do the organisms informally known as protists belong? To which domain do you belong?Build a phylogenetic tree consisting of the wasp, Pimpla rufipes and four other species. Ensure that the most basal species branches out first. Pimpla rufipesSpecies A: possess a calcium carbonate shell and is found in marine environmentsSpecies B: Segmented worm, marine and possess bristles known as ‘setae’Species C: Bioluminescent, possess special cells known as colloblasts which are attached to tentaclesSpecies D: Parasitic roundworm found in the intestines of mammals; lacks segments, molts a cuticle.
- Modern taxonomic treatments rely heavily on phylogenetic data to classify organisms. In the past, taxonomists often used a morphological species concept, in which species were defined based on similarities in growth form. Give an example of how a morphological species concept would group a set of protists differently from how a phylogenetic species concept would.What kinds of scientific evidence support the hypothesis that protists are a paraphyletic group?Carotenoids in algae have evolved through primary and secondary endosymbiosis. provide a well-constructed phylogenetic tree to show where carotene, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, fucoxanthin, and lutein arose in the macrophytic, multicellular groups of algae. add descriptive and informative title to it