we can make a causal claim from the results of the chi-square test

Why is the empirical rule useful?

based on these findings, at least two hypotheses that you are testing in this project. Your hypotheses can have the same dependent variable, but they should have different independent variables. (Happiness and physical health

The coefficients in a distributed lag regression of Y on X and its lags can be interpreted as the dynamic causal effects when the time path of X is determined randomly and independently of other factors that influence Y. Explain How?

Researchers were interested in assessing whether stress levels at the beginning of the semester are related to (i.e., correlated with) stress levels during finals week. To test this, stress was measured in 5 students at the start of the semester and then again at the end of the semester during finals week.     Participant Stress 1 Stress 2 (X - MX) (Y - MY)  (X - MX) (Y - MY) (X - MX)2 (Y - MY)2  1 22 22 -4.4 -6       2 32 34 5.6 6       3 24 25 -2.4 -3       4 28 30 1.6 2       5 26 29 -0.4 1         What is the observed correlation coefficient (i.e., r value)?

Provide an example of a regression that arguably would have a high value of R² but would produce biased and inconsistent estimators of a causal effect. Explain why the R² is likely to be high. Explain why the OLS estimators would be biased and inconsistent.

I need the answer as soon as possible