Ventilation disorders have a significant effect on the volume of air entering the lungs and its availability for gas exchange. Explain the association between decreased ventilation and pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction. Link your understanding of this physiological phenomenon to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Q: Briefly differentiate between atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, and intrapleural…

A: Inhalation (or inhalation) and exhalation are controlled by pressure differences between the…

Q: Discuss the relationship between airway resistance and airflow.  What increases resistance?  What…

A: Airway resistance is a measure of how much the airways in the lungs resist the flow of air. It is an…

Q: Explain pulmonary elastic recoil in terms of surface tension and elastic fibres

A: Bounce back of the lungs after having been stretched by inhalation is called Elastic recoil. This…

Q: Describe the role of surfactant in the lungs, including explanations of Laplace's law and how this…

A: The lungs are composed of millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, which are responsible for gas…

Q: What is an obstructive pulmonary disorder? What is an example of one? How might it affect…

A: The airways and air sacs in the lungs become less elastic in obstructive pulmonary disorder.

Q: Explain the Summary of the major chemical inputs that stimulate ventilation.

A: Ventilation can be described as the mechanism which leads to an exchange of gases in the lungs via…

Q: normal resting conditions, arterial Pco2 is 40 mm Hg and minu mately 6.5 L/min. If the arterial Pco2…

A: The minute ventilation will increase leads to the increase in tidal volume or respiratory rate.…

Q: Describe what is meant by the term “lung compliance.”

A: Lungs are the main organ of the respiratory system that provides oxygen to the cells through the…

Q: Based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), what are the stages of…

A: COPD is a group of chronic ling disease that include Emphysema , Asthma , Chronic Bronchitis and…

Q: Define the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation. Discuss the changes in thoracic cavity including the…

A: Pulmonary ventilation refers to the normal breathing process. It is a totally mechanical process…

Q: Discuss the factors that decrease Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)?

A: Heart is located in the mediastinum;about two thirds of its mass is to the left of the midline. The…

Q: Describe the effects of bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction on airflow.

A: Breathing or pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases: inspiration during which atmospheric…

Q: State the similarities and differences between mechanical ventilation of an adult vs mechanical…

A: Mechanical ventilation - refers to the "medical procedure" of using a mechanical device, known as a…

Q: Discuss the roles of the following in controlling respiration:respiratory center, vagus nerve, and…

A: The respiratory system is a biological system. It consisting of specific organs and structures used…

Q: Explain how alveolar ventilation is changed by changes in pO2, pCO2, or by combined changes

A: Introduction:- Alveolar ventilation is the volume of fresh gas incoming the alveoli per minute, gas…

Q: list respiratory disorders that cause a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant.

A: Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of proteins and lipids and its function is to reduce the…

Q: Explain why inspiration is considered the active phase ofventilation, and expiration the passive…

A: Pulmonary ventilation Pulmonary means relating to the lungs or lung tissue. Pulmonary ventilation is…

Q: Describe how the value for the peak expiratory flow rate might temporarily be altered in an…

A: Peak expiratory flow rate is defined as the rate at which a patient can exhale after deep…

Q: Explain the Pathways by which increased arterial PCO2 stimulates ventilation?

A: Central chemoreception traditionally refers to a change in ventilation of the alveoli as a result of…

Q: While many of the following parameters may change, which one of the following is the most definitive…

A: A respiratory ailment called restrictive lung disease is defined by a reduction in lung volume,…

Q: If airway diameter changes in the same direction as lung volume, describe a possible effect of hot…

A: Lung volume is the amount of air present within the lungs at different phases of respiratory cycle.…

Q: Explain the mechanisms of ventilation including inspiration and expiration.

A: Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs to enable the exchange of gases (oxygen…

Q: Explain how changes in thoracic and lung volumes and lung pressures result in pulmonary ventilation

A: Pulmonary ventilation or in simpler terms the process of breathing takes place in our body  to…

Q: Describe how the decreased lung compliance and increased airway resistance alter the ventilatory…

A: Airway resistance boosts when diameter of the respiratory tract reduces. Lung compliance influences…

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.