Ventilation disorders have a significant effect on the volume of air entering the lungs and its availability for gas exchange. Explain the association between decreased ventilation and pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction. Link your understanding of this physiological phenomenon to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Indicate whether the changes in respiratory volumes or capacities described are observed A) during an acute asthma attack, B) in emphysema C) both during an acute asthma attack and in emphysema, or D) not during an acute asthma attack or in emphysema. Note that the acute asthma attack is in a person not taking ventolin (ie no inhaler). Decrease in total lung capacity   Increase in residual volume   Decrease in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second)   Decrease in tidal volume   Decrease in expiratory reserve volume

The inhalation and exhalation are two characteristics of respiratory function. Please explain the concept of ventilation versus respiration, and explain the characteristics of inspiration and expiration in terms of involved organs and the forces triggering them.

Describe the events of oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading at the lungs. Describe the events of oxygen unloading and carbon dioxide loading at the tissues.

Indicate whether the changes in respiratory volumes or capacities described are observed A) during an acute asthma attack, B) in emphysema C) both during an acute asthma attack and in emphysema, or D) not during an acute asthma attack or in emphysema. Note that the acute asthma attack is in a person not taking ventolin (ie no inhaler). Decrease in total lung capacity   Increase in residual volume   Decrease in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second)   Decrease in tidal volume   Decrease in expiratory reserve volume

Asthma is a very common disease. It is characterized by widespread narrowing of the bronchioles and formation of mucus plugs, producing symptoms of wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing, and is caused by the release of factors during an allergic response. Explain why the narrowing of bronchioles, rather than that of the larger bronchi, is the source of the airflow restriction, and why inhaling dilating agents can bring relief during an asthma attack.

Describe the normal anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of the respiratory system and the control of respiration. Key words: Alveoli, gas exchange, chemoreceptors, control of respiration, pressure, autonomic nervous system (SNS, PNS).

Explain what is happening physiologically.

Briefly explain the reason for the changes in breathing that occurred in each of the following cases: a. Hyperventilationb. Rebreathing airc. Breath holdingd. Exercise

Explain the SPECIFIC mechanism(s) by which moderate to advanced emphysema leads to right-sided heart failure - i.e. discussion the pathogenesis of emphysema which may alter ventilation/perfusion balance.  Additionally, do you think Albuterol, a commonly prescribed inhaled beta-agonist, would be of benefit in these patients?  Why or why not.   Lastly, explain what chemical is primarily responsible for stimulus to breathe and how this is altered in these patients.  Why might excessive oxygenation of these patients lead to excessive somnolence and even death?