Valence Differences Between R&B and Rap Genres (Independent) A music fan claims that R&B songs and Rap songs differ in terms of their positivity. The individual collected two independent random samples from the population of all songs on Spotify. Fifteen R&B songs and another fifteen Rap songs were collected and their Valence was recorded. Remember, the variable Valence is measured on a 0 to 1 scale. Songs with high valence sound more positive (e.g. happy, cheerful, euphoric), while songs with low valence sound more negative (e.g. sad, depressed, angry). We will subtract (R&B – Rap) and use the 10% significance level. Assume the Central Limit Theorem conditions hold. The data set is called RBRapSample31. Please import the data set into Rguroo or find it in our group. Data Set:  Track_Name Track_Artist Genre Valence Danceability What Are You Doing New Year's Eve? - Remastered Nancy Wilson r&b 0.397 0.311 Lowlife ONEFOUR r&b 0.383 0.32 Deep End DMX r&b 0.264 0.383 Poison Like r&b 0.46 0.395 SportsCenter UGK r&b 0.449 0.401 VIBEZ Tyga r&b 0.436 0.407 Chamei Chamando Anderson .Paak r&b 0.516 0.521 1997 Portrait r&b 0.381 0.548 Fratello Lee Scott r&b 0.53 0.594 Here Kinder Malo r&b 0.631 0.635 Thong Song Sisqo r&b 0.714 0.706 Impatient Freestyle Celeste r&b 0.799 0.72 I Can't Lose (feat. Keyone Starr) - Pomo Remix J. Cole r&b 0.64 0.727 Popeye CHASE B r&b 0.902 0.866 Till Dawn (Here Comes The Sun) Noah Cyrus r&b 0.845 0.896 Letter To Ouisch La Coka Nostra rap 0.24 0.337 so sad Mike Vallas rap 0.205 0.401 HP Dr. Dre rap 0.26 0.437 Eternal Ericovich rap 0.338 0.465 PYRMYD Inkyz rap 0.54 0.468 Shotta Flow (Feat. Blueface) [Remix] YG rap 0.0371 0.482 m.A.A.d city Kendrick Lamar rap 0.217 0.487 Click, Clack - Get Back! Olivia King rap 0.499 0.506 Gucci Gang Arcangel rap 0.577 0.547 Dey Know Kayo Genesis rap 0.684 0.552 Break 'em Off Mary J. Blige rap 0.78 0.57 Slowly The Bones of J.R. Jones rap 0.463 0.598 Ruthless For Life MC Ren rap 0.547 0.778 Don't Believe The Hype Public Enemy rap 0.826 0.884 In Da Club 50 Cent rap 0.847 0.906 a) Define the population parameter in context and symbols in one sentence. b) State the hypotheses you would use to test the claim that a difference exists in the mean Valence between R&B and Rap songs using correct notation. c) In this investigation, we will obtain a 90% confidence interval to make the hypothesis test decision by following these instructions.   In Rguroo, go to Analytics  Analysis  Mean Inference  One & Two Populations.  In the Dataset dropdown, select RBRapSample31. Remember to import the data set if you have not already.  Click the button next to the word Variable (not Variable 1). In the Variable dropdown, select Valence. For the By Factor dropdown, select Genre.  In the Summary tab, set Population 1’s level to be “r&b” and Population 2’s level to be “rap.”  Now, select the fourth tab Population 1-2 and note that the Confidence Interval tab is selected. Set the confidence level to be 0.90. Then, select t-statistic under Method. Leave the Assumptions box on the right as is and click Preview.  Provide either a screenshot or a copy of your confidence interval output table and state the confidence interval using proper formatting. d) Make a decision whether or not to reject the null hypothesis using the confidence interval by checking to see if the null value is captured by the confidence interval. State the decision and explanation in one sentence.  e) Draw a conclusion about the claim using one or two sentences in context of the problem. f) Verify your decision by obtaining a test statistic and p-value in Rguroo. Follow the directions in part (c). Now, select the Test of Hypothesis tab. In this tab, change the significance level to 0.10 and update the alternative hypothesis. Select t-statistic under Method. Leave the Assumptions box on the right as is. Click Preview. Provide either a screenshot or a copy of your hypothesis test output table and verify your decision by comparing your p-value to the significance level in one complete sentence.

Investigation 3.1: Valence Differences Between R&B and Rap Genres (Independent)
A music fan claims that R&B songs and Rap songs differ in terms of their positivity. The
individual collected two independent random samples from the population of all songs on
Spotify. Fifteen R&B songs and another fifteen Rap songs were collected and their Valence was
recorded. Remember, the variable Valence is measured on a 0 to 1 scale. Songs with high
valence sound more positive (e.g. happy, cheerful, euphoric), while songs with low valence
sound more negative (e.g. sad, depressed, angry). We will subtract (R&B – Rap) and use the
10% significance level. Assume the Central Limit Theorem conditions hold. The data set is
called RBRapSample31. Please import the data set into Rguroo or find it in our group.

Data Set: 

a) Define the population parameter in context and symbols in one sentence.
b) State the hypotheses you would use to test the claim that a difference exists in the mean
Valence between R&B and Rap songs using correct notation.
c) In this investigation, we will obtain a 90% confidence interval to make the hypothesis test
decision by following these instructions. 

 In Rguroo, go to Analytics  Analysis  Mean Inference  One & Two
Populations.
 In the Dataset dropdown, select RBRapSample31. Remember to import the data
set if you have not already.
 Click the button next to the word Variable (not Variable 1). In the Variable
dropdown, select Valence. For the By Factor dropdown, select Genre.
 In the Summary tab, set Population 1’s level to be “r&b” and Population 2’s level
to be “rap.”
 Now, select the fourth tab Population 1-2 and note that the Confidence Interval
tab is selected. Set the confidence level to be 0.90. Then, select t-statistic under
Method. Leave the Assumptions box on the right as is and click Preview. 

Provide either a screenshot or a copy of your confidence interval output table and state
the confidence interval using proper formatting.
d) Make a decision whether or not to reject the null hypothesis using the confidence interval
by checking to see if the null value is captured by the confidence interval. State the
decision and explanation in one sentence. 

e) Draw a conclusion about the claim using one or two sentences in context of the problem.
f) Verify your decision by obtaining a test statistic and p-value in Rguroo. Follow the
directions in part (c). Now, select the Test of Hypothesis tab. In this tab, change the
significance level to 0.10 and update the alternative hypothesis. Select t-statistic under
Method. Leave the Assumptions box on the right as is. Click Preview. Provide either a
screenshot or a copy of your hypothesis test output table and verify your decision by
comparing your p-value to the significance level in one complete sentence.