Using your knowledge of DNA recombination events to complete this; Describe how bacterial cells acquire the ability to produce toxins (Use the following terminology in your answer: recombination, DNA, horizontal gene transfer, conjugation, transformation, transduction, pilus, F factor, transposable elements, transposons, pathogenicity islands)

For the following sets of partial diploid bacteria, is the Z gene constitutive, inducible, or non-inducible?

Most yeast grow suspended in culture, but some yeast grow as a film on the top of a liquid culture.  These are called flor yeast.   The following Southern blot is looking at the FLO11 gene that is thought to be involved in whether yeast are flor or not.  DNA was isolated from four different yeast strains.  Strains 1 and 3 are normal while strains 2 and 4 are flor (Fidalgo, 2006).  Based on the gene map and Southern results below, what aspect of FLO11 determines whether a strain will be flor or not?

You identify a new bacterial species in the koi pond between the Curry Student Center and Robinson Hall and decide to name it NE koili. You analyze the genome sequence of NE koili and find that the NE koili genome contains cas genes and pieces of various bacteriophage genomes separated by unique repeats. You roommate is baffled by this observation. Having covered this topic in BIOL2299, explain to your roommate why there are pieces of phage DNA in a bacterial genome. In your answer, include the role of cas nuclease.