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Genetic Recombination
Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.
Microbial Genetics
Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.
A phylogenetic tree is pictorial representation of evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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- A researcher wants to compare the pathogenicity of a mutant pathogen relative to wild type in an animal model. The mutant is marked with the constitutive expression of a foc gene that turns colonies blue on X-gal agar. The input ratio of the experiment Dilue/white colonies) was 10:1. The output ratio of the infection experiment tant to d type was 1-100 a. What is the CI? Show your work. 1. Define the Cr and describe what it measures in your answer Which of these genotypes does better during infection, the mutant or the wild-type?You have a suspension of fungal cells and have narrowed it down to 2 different types of fungus. You have solutions of 2 types of antibodies. 1. Antibody A recognizing and antigen on Fungus A 2. Antibody B recognizing and antigen on Fungus B The antibodies you have on hand are NOT labeled with an enzyme, dye, or fluorescence and you do NOT have sheep's blood. Which test would you do to determine this if your sample is Fungus A or Fungus B. A. precipitin B. agglutination C. complement fixation D. fluorescently labeled microscopy E. ELISADefine the following terms:a. transfectionb. cosmidc. electroporationd. transgenic animale. colony hybridization technique
- Reverse isolation may be used fora. a patient with the measles.b. an adult patient with the flu.c. a patient with tuberculosis.d. a patient with severe burns.You perform a Kirby-Bauer assay with two antibiotics. Antibiotic X has a zone of inhibition of 9 mm. Antibiotic Y has a zone of inhibition of 11 mm. Which antibiotic is better at killing this particular microorganism? Group of answer choices 1Antibiotic Y 2Antibiotic X and Y, which have identical antimicrobial activities 3Antibiotic X4 4It is impossible to tell from the information givenSelect the most accurate answer: Adenoviruses:A. are non-enveloped dsRNAB. are most infection are symptomaticC. are infection are common in adultsD. have only one antigen (serotype)E. are icosahedral, 252 caspsomers, fibers projection, like a satellite (space ship)F. replicate in the cytoplasmG. subgroup A: serotypes 12, 18, and 31: are highly oncogenicH. Both E and G
- Which of the following is not a phase of XCI?a. Initiationb. Spreadingc. Maintenanced. ErasureUse the following cotransduction data to order the four genes. Markers % contransduction AE 5 AD 15 BE 2 BD 28 ED 0 DEBA ADBE DBAE BADE EBADWhich of the following is true? a. conjugated vaccines are always those in which there is more than one vaccine anigen b. prevnar is conjugated vaccine c. conjugation involves ttaching a polysaccharide antigen to a carbohydrate carrier d. Conjugated vaccines tend to induce a poorer immune response than polysaccharide vaccine e. Pneumovax is a conjugated vaccine thank you!!!
- You do a viral plaque assay using the six well plate shown below. The dilution scheme, what was infected on each well, and the results of the plaque assay are shown below. What is the viral titer of the original lysate? A. ~1.1 *10^6 PFU/mL B. ~1 *10^7 PFU/mL C. ~3 * 10^7 PFU/mL D. ~2 * 10^6 PFU/mL E. ~3.5 *10^6 PFU/mL F. ~1.1 * 10^5 PFU/mL G. ~3.5 *10^5 PFU/mLWhich of the following is not one of the objectives of the antibiotic resistance study? A. Distinguish between a virus and a bacteria B. Distinguish between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics C. Distinguish between susceptibility and resistance D. Anderstand the advantages of the Kirby-Bauer method versus the Disk-Diffusion method E. All of these are objectives of the Antibiotic resistance studyThe following table includes information from a procedure where mice were injected with different concentration amounts of a certain microbe (Mircobe A) under these distinct circumstances: no other treatment added (NT), after being exposed to anti-microbe A vaccine (vacA), and during treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (x). CFU/ml Injected % Infected - NT % Infected - vacA % Infected - x 1 2 0 1 10 20 0 22 100 52 3 44 1000 100 14 97 1. What is the ID50 value of Microbe A (in CFU/ml)? 2. Is Microbe A antibiotic-sensitive? 3. Is the vacA vaccine effective to stop the infection?