Structural Analysis
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781337630931
Author: KASSIMALI, Aslam.
Publisher: Cengage,
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![**Transcription and Detailed Explanation for Educational Website**
**Title: Calculating the Hydraulic Gradient of a Sand-Filled Tube**
---
**Objective:**
Determine the hydraulic gradient for the entire distance of the saturated sand area using the provided figure and information.
---
**Figure Overview:**
The diagram shows a setup involving a horizontal sand-filled tube connected to two vertical water columns.
- **Left Side:**
- A tap releases water into the column, filling it to a height (\(h_1\)) of 33 cm from the reference level.
- **Right Side:**
- Water exits from the column, measuring a height (\(h_2\)) of 27 cm from the reference level.
The sand-filled tube between the columns is 30 cm long.
---
**Detailed Specifications:**
- **Area of Sand-Filled Tube:** 735 cm²
- **Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand:** 40 m/day
- **Effective Porosity:** 0.45
---
**Key Terms:**
- **Hydraulic Gradient (i):** The drop in water level per unit of length.
- **Reference Level:** Baseline for measuring column heights (\(z = 0\)).
- **\(x_1\) and \(x_2\):** Points at each end of the sand-filled tube.
---
**Calculation:**
To find the hydraulic gradient (\(i\)), use the formula:
\[
i = \frac{h_1 - h_2}{L}
\]
Where:
- \(h_1 = 33 \, \text{cm}\)
- \(h_2 = 27 \, \text{cm}\)
- \(L = 30 \, \text{cm}\)
Substitute the values into the formula for precise calculation.
---
**Note:**
Ensure all final answers are rounded to the nearest hundredth (2 decimal places), and include units in your calculation process. This structured approach allows students to understand the concept of hydraulic gradients and practice applying the formula in real-world scenarios.](https://content.bartleby.com/qna-images/question/84e91e68-f9de-4d02-a6a2-3aed880d24b0/13928a00-beb2-431d-a297-38a926f64028/2px3bmm_processed.jpeg)
Transcribed Image Text:**Transcription and Detailed Explanation for Educational Website**
**Title: Calculating the Hydraulic Gradient of a Sand-Filled Tube**
---
**Objective:**
Determine the hydraulic gradient for the entire distance of the saturated sand area using the provided figure and information.
---
**Figure Overview:**
The diagram shows a setup involving a horizontal sand-filled tube connected to two vertical water columns.
- **Left Side:**
- A tap releases water into the column, filling it to a height (\(h_1\)) of 33 cm from the reference level.
- **Right Side:**
- Water exits from the column, measuring a height (\(h_2\)) of 27 cm from the reference level.
The sand-filled tube between the columns is 30 cm long.
---
**Detailed Specifications:**
- **Area of Sand-Filled Tube:** 735 cm²
- **Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand:** 40 m/day
- **Effective Porosity:** 0.45
---
**Key Terms:**
- **Hydraulic Gradient (i):** The drop in water level per unit of length.
- **Reference Level:** Baseline for measuring column heights (\(z = 0\)).
- **\(x_1\) and \(x_2\):** Points at each end of the sand-filled tube.
---
**Calculation:**
To find the hydraulic gradient (\(i\)), use the formula:
\[
i = \frac{h_1 - h_2}{L}
\]
Where:
- \(h_1 = 33 \, \text{cm}\)
- \(h_2 = 27 \, \text{cm}\)
- \(L = 30 \, \text{cm}\)
Substitute the values into the formula for precise calculation.
---
**Note:**
Ensure all final answers are rounded to the nearest hundredth (2 decimal places), and include units in your calculation process. This structured approach allows students to understand the concept of hydraulic gradients and practice applying the formula in real-world scenarios.
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