Upper jaws DNAwraps around the A subunits in a right-handed direction. DNA binds to Upper jaws clamp onto DNA. the lower jaws. DNA held in lower jaws is cut. DNA held in upper jaws is released and passes downward through the opening in the cut DNA. This process Lower jaws DNA | A subunits B subunits uses 2 ATP molecules. (a) Molecular mechanism of DNA gyrase function Cut DNA is ligated back together and the DNA is released from DNA gyrase. Circular DNA molecule DNA gyrase 2 ATP 2 negative supercoils (b) Overview of DNA gyrase function FIGURE 10.6 The action of DNA gyrase. (a) DNA gyrase, also known as topoisomerase II, is composed of two A and two B subunits. The lower jaws and then the upper jaws bind to two regions of DNA. The lower region is wrapped around the A subunits, which then cleave this DNA. The unbroken segment of DNA is released from the upper jaws and passes through the break. The break is repaired. ONLINE ANIMATION The B subunits capture the energy from the hydrolysis of 2 ATP molecules to catalyze this process. (b) The result is that two negative turns have been introduced into the DNA molecule.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
In your own words, describe the step that requires the use of ATP.
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