UDP and TCP use 1’s complement for their checksums to detect errors. Suppose you have  the following 8-bit bytes: 11011001, 01010010, 11001010, 10100100 and 01011001.  A. What is the 1’s complement of the sum of these 8-bit bytes? Show all the details of your work.  B. Why do UDP and TCP take the 1’s complement of the sum as their checksum? That is, what do  UDP and TCP not simply use the sum of these bytes as checksum?  C. With the 1’s complement scheme, how does the receiver detect errors?  D. With this checksum scheme, is it possible that any l-bit error will go undetected? How about a  two-bit error? Explain your answer.

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Types Of Protocols

A network protocol is a collection of rules that governs the exchange of data between devices connected to the same network. In other words, network protocols are rules that specify how devices communicate or transfer data over a network. The sender and receiver systems must obey the standards to facilitate communication between them.