Two near-surface strata of the same soft clay are to be consolidated. In one the consolidation is to be done by placement of a surcharge fill at the ground surface. In the other, the consolidation is to be effected by lowering the water table to the bottom of the clay layer and evaporation of water from the ground surface, which will cause shrinkage of the clay. The ground water table is initially at the top of the clay stratum. Show profiles of effective stress and water pressure versus depth for each stratum corre

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Q: How do fireclays differ from surface clays?

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Consolidation parameters

Consolidation is the process of expulsion of pore water present in the voids of soil solids under the pressure of the applied load. This is a quick process in the case of coarse-grained soils since the permeability is high due to the presence of more voids, while it is a slow and gradual process in the case of clayey soil as the permeability of clay is less. An example of consolidation is the settlement of soil under a building due to the load coming from the building.