transmission electron micrographs during viral infection cycles of both in vitro and in vivo isolates.

Q: how virus quantification is carried out using qPCR?

A: PCR is a technique that results in exponential amplification of a selected region of a DNA molecule…

Q: Discuss the different types of general methods used to quantify viruses

A: Viruses are acellular particles.

Q: Explain in detail, the stages of micropropagation.

A: Micropropagation is a method of asexual propagation of plants. An entire plant that is identical to…

Q: test, four target gene are used: viral RdRp, viral S protein, viral N protein, and human RPP30. On a…

A: In the PCR test, the primer is used to determine the specific sequence present in the sample.

Q: Determine the advantages of phage therapy over antibiotict herapy.

A: The virus known as a bacteriophage assaults bacteria, hence the name. Phage means "to devour," hence…

Q: List 7 main factors that cause antibiotic susceptibility

A: Antibiotic susceptibility:                      Measuring the diameter of the zones of bacterial…

Q: Which vector is used in the manufacturing of Covishield?

A: The delivery of vaccines require the presence of vector so that the virus can be transferred to the…

Q: Explain in detail the different methods of viral inoculation.

A: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on the host for their survival. For their…

Q: Briefly discuss the following topics, including appropriate examples for each: 3.1. Genomic…

A: Phylogenetic studies can be defined as the study of evolutionary relationship among…

Q: Compare the methods and uses of cell culture, bird embryos, and live animals in growing viruses.

A: Introduction: Viruses are a unicellular entity that gets life when present inside the host cell.…

Q: Using blue-white selection, explain how to discriminate against bacteria with self-ligated vectors.…

A: Blue white selection is an efficient technique for the identification of Recombinant bacteria in a…

Q: What two different DNA viral infections can be identifi ed with a Pap smear? Explain what…

A: Pap smear:          A pap smear is also recognized as pap test, a normal test procedure used to…

Q: S. aureus is gram positive. What differences in strains might account for differences in phage…

A: Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environmental conditions.…

Q: describe a semi-synthetic antibiotic

A: Semi-Synthetic Antibiotics are defined as the derivatives of the natural derivatives with different…

Q: how a RT-PCR test could be set up for the detection of this virus

A: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a tool in molecular biology. This tool is used to amplify the…

Q: Describe a plate (NA plate with E. coli and chloroform-treated sewage) with plaques in the isolation…

A: Bacteriophages often known as phages  are the viruses that attack and spread throughout bacterial…

Q: Contrast Generalized and Specialized Transduction. Include at least 4 major points of contrast.

A: Trusduction is the process of transfer of gene in prokaryotes from donar to recipient using…

Q: What approach can be used to enumerate the virus MNV-1 (murine norovirus) if you want to test a…

A: Murine norovirus (MNV-1): It is a virus that infects the mouse. This virus first came into…

Q: provide key backgound, methods, strengths, main points, results, discussions, based on whats in…

A: The study aimed to investigate the function of homosexual behavior in female mountain gorillas,…

Q: Explain the key method for detecting bacteria and viruses (suchas hepatitis or HIV) in humans ?

A: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an…

Q: Define plaque-forming unit and explain its role in the quantification of viruses

A: INTRODUCTION Plaque-forming is a phenomenon seen in immunology research where antibodies are tested…

Q: Describe the viable but non culturable (VBNC) dormant state and the production of small colony…

A: Introduction :- Bacteria are a type of single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various…

Q: Vivid outline and Standard operating procedure of Virus neutralization test.

A: Answer:  VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION TEST is a branch of immunology where the effect of virus is reduced by…

Q: Assaying virus concentration requires healthy cell cultures. Give possible reasons to account for…

A: Cell cultures are more convenient and less expensive than eggs and animals, are convenient to…

Q: Outline the steps of bacterial transduction?

A: Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. Some of them are injurious while some are beneficial to…

Q: Molecular based methods for viral detection use proteins as the analyte. True? False?

A: There are different molecular-based methods for the detection and analysis of virus elements. The…

Q: What does tissue culture infective dose 50 mean? Write briefly. Calculate the percentage cytopathic…

A: Viruses are submicroscopic organisms that live and replicate only in the host cells like bacterial,…

Q: In what ways can you use aseptic technique principles in your daily life to preserve a healthy…

A: According to the question we have to explain the ways by which we can use aseptic technique…

Q: Briefly describe multi locus sequence typing (MLST) as it relates to the identification of Listeria…

A: Molecular typing is a technique that is used to identify microbial strains based on their genetic…

Q: Determine the type of diagnostic method best suited for determining whether the bacterium had caused…

A: The phenotypic approaches involve identifying bacteria by taking into account their behaviour and…

Q: Compare the effect on the host cell of a lytic (virulent)phage and a lysogenic (temperate) phage.

A: Virus are obligate parasites. Viruses either contains DNA or RNA as genetic material and a protein…

Q: Viruses can be detected using different methods during laboratories diagnosis". Briefly, explain the…

A: Introduction  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify small amounts of DNA in…

Q: List the approaches used to cultivate viruses, noting which types of viruses are cultivated by each…

A: Virus cultures are laboratory-grown collections of virus particles or virus-infected cells. They are…

Q: Briefly describe the differences between the lytic cycle of virulent phages and the lysogenic cycle…

A: Bacteriophages (phages) are obligate intracellular viruses that specifically infect bacteria. The…

Q: Briefly discuss the process of rapid versus slow digitalization as well as the use of the antidote…

A: Digoxin immune fab is a drug that is used to treat and control digoxin toxicity. Patients with a…

Q: Explain briefly about The Case of Genetically Modified Tomato Paste

A: A plants  whose the DNA has been modified using genetic engineering method are known as genetically…

Q: how does growing and identifying an actual bacterium from skin using culture based methods relate to…

A: Staphylococci are gram-positive cocci about 0.5 to 1.0 μm wide. They grow in groups, in pairs and…

Q: If you Infect the Jurkat T lymphocyte cell line with HIV-1 strain IIIB. Lyse the infected cells at…

A: A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that could infect and live only within the living…

Q: Describe at least 2 advantages of monitoring wastewater to detect viral outbreaks compared to…

A: Epidemic outbreaks are occurring more frequently due to continuous evolution of the virus which is a…

Q: After you purified the SARS-CoV-2 virus, briefly describe the method on how you would determine if…

A: SARS-CoV-2 or "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" is a single-stranded RNA virus that…

Viral Replication

The virus is acellular and considered non-living outside the host cell. The replication of the virus occurs only inside the living cells. Only a few genes are present in the smallest virus, whereas many genes are present in the largest virus. These genes encode specific viral proteins.