To test the impact performance of a 10 cm thick gymnastics mat, a 20 kg cylindrical mass isdropped onto the mat from a height of 1 m above the mat. During the impact, the cylinder’s vertical velocity reaches zero at the instant the mat has compressed to only 4 cm thick. a. How much kinetic energy does the cylinder have at the instant just before it contacts the mat? b. What average vertical force does the mat exert on the cylinder during the impact, from contact until the cylinder’s vertical velocity is zero?

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Helmholtz Free Energy

The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential used to calculate the measure of useful work from a closed system. This system is kept at constant temperature and volume. German physicist Hermann Helmholtz introduced this concept in 1882.