Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Transcribed Image Text:## Titration of Carbonic Acid: pH vs. Volume
### Graph Description
This graph illustrates the titration curve of carbonic acid, depicting the relationship between pH and the volume of acidic titrant added, measured in milliliters (mL).
- **X-Axis**: Represents the Volume of Acidic Titrant Added (mL). The scale ranges from 0 to approximately 55 mL.
- **Y-Axis**: Represents the pH level of the solution, with a range from 0 to 12.
### Curve Analysis
- **Initial pH**: The graph begins with a high pH value close to 12, indicating a basic solution.
- **Buffer Region**: As titrant is added, the pH gradually decreases. The curve shows a relatively steady decline until around 20 mL, where it starts to drop more sharply.
- **First Equivalence Point**: The graph displays a noticeable inflection point around 25 mL, where the pH drops more significantly. This is the first equivalence point, indicating the major reaction of carbonic acid.
- **Second Equivalence Point**: A second inflection occurs around 50 mL, signifying the second equivalence point, typical for the diprotic nature of carbonic acid.
### Conclusion
This titration curve is typical for diprotic acids like carbonic acid, where two distinct equivalence points are observed due to the sequential deprotonation reactions. The initial higher pH and subsequent steep declines indicate the neutralization process as more titrant is added, highlighting the buffering capacity and acid dissociation characteristics of carbonic acid.
Transcribed Image Text:**Interactive Exercise: Identifying Species in Titration Curve Regions**
**Instructions**: Match the region of the curve with the chemical species present in that region during a titration process. Use the dropdown menus to select your answer for each scenario.
1. **At 0 mL of added HNO₃**
- Options:
- only H₂CO₃
- only HCO₃⁻
- both CO₃²⁻ and HCO₃⁻
- both H₂CO₃ and HNO₃
- only CO₃²⁻
- both HCO₃⁻ and H₂CO₃
2. **Between 0 mL of added HNO₃ and the first equivalence point**
- Options:
- only H₂CO₃
- only HCO₃⁻
- both CO₃²⁻ and HCO₃⁻
- both H₂CO₃ and HNO₃
- only CO₃²⁻
- both HCO₃⁻ and H₂CO₃
3. **At first equivalence point**
- Options:
- only H₂CO₃
- only HCO₃⁻
- both CO₃²⁻ and HCO₃⁻
- both H₂CO₃ and HNO₃
- only CO₃²⁻
- both HCO₃⁻ and H₂CO₃
4. **Between the first and second equivalence points**
- Options:
- only H₂CO₃
- only HCO₃⁻
- both CO₃²⁻ and HCO₃⁻
- both H₂CO₃ and HNO₃
- only CO₃²⁻
- both HCO₃⁻ and H₂CO₃
5. **At the second equivalence point**
- Options:
- only H₂CO₃
- only HCO₃⁻
- both CO₃²⁻ and HCO₃⁻
- both H₂CO₃ and HNO₃
- only CO
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