This chapter explains three sequences of state transitions during TCP connection teardown. There is a fourth possible sequence, which traverses an additional arc (not shown in Figure 5.7) from FIN_WAIT_1 to TIME_WAIT and labeled FIN+ACK/ACK. Explain the circumstances that result in this fourth teardown sequence. Notes from the book to help: There is actually a fourth, although rare, sequence of transitions that leads to the CLOSED state; it follows the arc from FIN WAIT 1 to TIME WAIT. We leave it as an exercise for you to figure out what combination of circumstances leads to this fourth possibility. The main thing to recognize about connection teardown is that a connection in the TIME WAIT state cannot move to the CLOSED state until it has waited for two times the maximum amount of time an IP datagram might live in the Internet (i.e., 120 seconds). The reason for this is that, while the local side of the connection has sent an ACK in response to the other side’s FIN segment, it does not know that the ACK was successfully delivered. As a consequence, the other side might retransmit its FIN segment, and this second FIN segment might be delayed in the network. If the connection were allowed to move directly to the CLOSED state, then another pair of application processes might come along and open the same connection (i.e., use the same pair of port numbers), and the delayed FIN segment from the earlier incarnation of the connection would immediately initiate the termination of the later incarnation of that connection. **TCP State-Transition Diagram**The figure provided illustrates the state-transition diagram for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This diagram represents the different states a TCP connection can be in and the transitions between these states based on various events.1. **CLOSED**: - The initial state where there is no connection. - Transitions: - To **LISTEN**: on a passive open (waiting for a connection request). - To **SYN_SENT**: on an active open/SYN (sending a connection request). 2. **LISTEN**: - Waiting for a connection request from any remote TCP and port. - Transitions: - To **SYN_RCVD**: on receiving SYN/SYN+ACK (connection request). - To **SYN_SENT**: on sending SYN/SYN+ACK (connection request). - To **CLOSED**: on a close event.3. **SYN_SENT**: - Waiting for a matching connection request after sending a connection request. - Transitions: - To **SYN_RCVD**: on receiving SYN/SYN+ACK. - To **ESTABLISHED**: on receiving SYN+ACK/ACK. - To **CLOSED**: on a close event.4. **SYN_RCVD**: - Waiting for a confirming connection request acknowledgment after receiving and sending a connection request. - Transitions: - To **ESTABLISHED**: on receiving ACK. - To **FIN_WAIT_1**: on close/FIN (closing the connection).5. **ESTABLISHED**: - An open connection, where data transfer can occur. - Transitions: - To **FIN_WAIT_1**: on close/FIN. - To **CLOSE_WAIT**: on receiving FIN/ACK.6. **FIN_WAIT_1**: - Waiting for a connection termination request from the remote TCP or an acknowledgment of the connection termination request previously sent. - Transitions: - To **FIN_WAIT_2**: on receiving ACK. - To **CLOSING**: on receiving FIN/ACK.7. **FIN_WAIT_2**: - Waiting for a connection termination request from the remote TCP. - Transitions: - To **TIME_WAIT**: on receiving FIN/ACK.8. **CLOSING**: -

The teardown sequence refers to the series of steps or state transitions that occur during the…

This chapter explains three sequences of state transitions during TCP connection teardown. There is a fourth possible sequence, which traverses an additional arc (not shown in Figure 5.7) from FIN_WAIT_1 to TIME_WAIT and labeled FIN+ACK/ACK. Explain the circumstances that result in this fourth teardown sequence. Notes from the book to help: There is actually a fourth, although rare, sequence of transitions that leads to the CLOSED state; it follows the arc from FIN WAIT 1 to TIME WAIT. We leave it as an exercise for you to figure out what combination of circumstances leads to this fourth possibility. The main thing to recognize about connection teardown is that a connection in the TIME WAIT state cannot move to the CLOSED state until it has waited for two times the maximum amount of time an IP datagram might live in the Internet (i.e., 120 seconds). The reason for this is that, while the local side of the connection has sent an ACK in response to the other side’s FIN segment, it does not know that the ACK was successfully delivered. As a consequence, the other side might retransmit its FIN segment, and this second FIN segment might be delayed in the network. If the connection were allowed to move directly to the CLOSED state, then another pair of application processes might come along and open the same connection (i.e., use the same pair of port numbers), and the delayed FIN segment from the earlier incarnation of the connection would immediately initiate the termination of the later incarnation of that connection.

Database System Concepts

7th Edition

ISBN:9780078022159

Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Publisher:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Chapter1: Introduction

Section: Chapter Questions

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This chapter explains three sequences of state transitions during TCP connection teardown. There is a fourth possible sequence, which traverses an additional arc (not shown in Figure 5.7) from FIN_WAIT_1 to TIME_WAIT and labeled FIN+ACK/ACK. Explain the circumstances that result in this fourth teardown sequence.

Notes from the book to help: There is actually a fourth, although rare, sequence of transitions that leads to the CLOSED state; it follows the arc from FIN WAIT 1 to TIME WAIT. We leave it as an exercise for you to figure out what combination of circumstances leads to this fourth possibility. The main thing to recognize about connection teardown is that a connection in the TIME WAIT state cannot move to the CLOSED state until it has waited for two times the maximum amount of time an IP datagram might live in the Internet (i.e., 120 seconds). The reason for this is that, while the local side of the connection has sent an ACK in response to the other side’s FIN segment, it does not know that the ACK was successfully delivered. As a consequence, the other side might retransmit its FIN segment, and this second FIN segment might be delayed in the network. If the connection were allowed to move directly to the CLOSED state, then another pair of application processes might come along and open the same connection (i.e., use the same pair of port numbers), and the delayed FIN segment from the earlier incarnation of the connection would immediately initiate the termination of the later incarnation of that connection.

**TCP State-Transition Diagram**

The figure provided illustrates the state-transition diagram for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This diagram represents the different states a TCP connection can be in and the transitions between these states based on various events.

1. **CLOSED**:
- The initial state where there is no connection.
- Transitions:
- To **LISTEN**: on a passive open (waiting for a connection request).
- To **SYN_SENT**: on an active open/SYN (sending a connection request).

2. **LISTEN**:
- Waiting for a connection request from any remote TCP and port.
- Transitions:
- To **SYN_RCVD**: on receiving SYN/SYN+ACK (connection request).
- To **SYN_SENT**: on sending SYN/SYN+ACK (connection request).
- To **CLOSED**: on a close event.

3. **SYN_SENT**:
- Waiting for a matching connection request after sending a connection request.
- Transitions:
- To **SYN_RCVD**: on receiving SYN/SYN+ACK.
- To **ESTABLISHED**: on receiving SYN+ACK/ACK.
- To **CLOSED**: on a close event.

4. **SYN_RCVD**:
- Waiting for a confirming connection request acknowledgment after receiving and sending a connection request.
- Transitions:
- To **ESTABLISHED**: on receiving ACK.
- To **FIN_WAIT_1**: on close/FIN (closing the connection).

5. **ESTABLISHED**:
- An open connection, where data transfer can occur.
- Transitions:
- To **FIN_WAIT_1**: on close/FIN.
- To **CLOSE_WAIT**: on receiving FIN/ACK.

6. **FIN_WAIT_1**:
- Waiting for a connection termination request from the remote TCP or an acknowledgment of the connection termination request previously sent.
- Transitions:
- To **FIN_WAIT_2**: on receiving ACK.
- To **CLOSING**: on receiving FIN/ACK.

7. **FIN_WAIT_2**:
- Waiting for a connection termination request from the remote TCP.
- Transitions:
- To **TIME_WAIT**: on receiving FIN/ACK.

8. **CLOSING**:
-

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