There are trade-offs between offspring number and quality as well as between offspring number and parental future reproductive success, explain this in your own words in the space provided
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- In an iteroparous species lifetime fitness is maximized at investment, while in semelparous species level of reproductive an intermediate maximal effort is exerted in a single reproductive event Maximal an intermediate effort is exerted in one of many reproductive events an intermediate minimal effort is exerted in a single reproductive event maximal an intermediate effort is exerted in a single reproductive event an intermediate maximal effort is exerted in one of many reproductive eventsIs the following case study an r-strategist or a K-strategist? American toads practice explosive reproduction. During the first warm days in spring, both males and females migrate from forests and converge on ponds. Reproduction is quick, taking only a few days. Females lay hundreds of eggs in jelly-filled sacks along the sides of the pond or stream. As soon as the eggs are laid, males and females abruptly leave the pond. Offspring are left to develop, hatch, and grow on their own, maturing in about three months.According to Grimes model, which characteristics (life history traits) apply to individuals in the "Competitive" strategy? Question 10 options: The offspring have a high survival rate All of these They produce relatively few offspring They are very mobile They invest very little in their offspring They have an older age of maturity
- Why is long-term parental care not associated with having many offspring during a reproductive episode?Explain the trade-off between number of offspring and amount of parental investment per offspring. The trade-offs of parenting Parental investment expenditure of time and energy on one offspring Pros: parental investment may inorease the chances of an offspring to sunvive and reproduce w net l e Cons parental in vestmentreduces the parent's abilityb generate additional offspring Parental investmentis a limitedresource Why do males and females have different reproductive strategies? Why do males in many species employ a number-of-offspring strategy while females employ the parental investment strategy? Females are more likely to gain from parental investment: Evolution of sexual reproduction 1. The of tspring they care for have 100% c carrying their genes Divergent selection that favored two alternative reproductive strategies % chance of 2. Their gain from multiple mates is limitedbetter to nvest in parenting than in mating 1. Numberof-ofthoring sategy Individuab whose gametes are good…The second assumption in formulating Lack's (1947) hypothesis is that clutch size affects only offspring survival. The data that are presented in the figure were obtained in an experiment conducted by Schluter and Gustafsson in 1993 to test this assumption. The researchers removed or added eggs to nests and monitored the offspring that hatched from the nests, recording subsequently the reproductive output for offspring females after they had matured. i. Females reared in nests from which eggs had been removed produced larger clutches. ii. Females reared in nests into which eggs had been added produced smaller clutches. iii. Observations described in statements i and ii are consistent with the second assumption. iv. Observations described in statements i and ii reveal a trade-off between offspring quantity and quality. Question 3 options: A) All statements convey accurate information. B) Statements i and ii convey…
- explain the relationship between the change in environment and the trait and fitness And reproductive success individual organismResearch and find a K-selected species (other than humans), and explain the pressures and resources that impact this strategy. Also explain how your chosen organism works to combat pressures of selection, resource availability, and environmental stressors that impact successful offspring production.Define balancing selection
- i. Actors and recipients are characterised by increased reproductive success in mutually beneficial interactions. ii. Actors benefit and recipients incur costs (i.e., are harmed) in selfish interactions. iii. Actors incur costs (i.e., are harmed) and recipients benefit in altruistic interactions. iv. Actors incur costs (i.e., are harmed) and recipients incur greater costs in spiteful interactions.v. Hamilton's rule can be used to show that an allele encoding altruistic behaviour could be favoured; spiteful behavior, however, never can evolve. Question 1 options: A) Statements i, ii, and iii convey accurate information. B) Statements i, ii, iii, and v convey accurate information. C) Only statement v conveys inaccurate information. D) Statements ii, iii, iv, and v convey accurate information. E) All statements convey accurate…What are the relative advantages and disadvantages ofsemelparity and iteroparity? In answering, consider iteroparousspecies that have both short and long expected life spans in theirnatural environments.Is the following case study an r-strategists or a K-strategists? Andean condors reach sexual maturity at five to six years. Reproduction is slow; females lay only one or two eggs every other year. Offspring are cared for by both parents for at least one year. Andean condors are long-lived and can survive for seventy to seventy-five years.