
Advanced Engineering Mathematics
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780470458365
Author: Erwin Kreyszig
Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated
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Could you explain how to show 9.6 in detail?

Transcribed Image Text:Theorem 9.6. For any metric space (X, d), there exists a metric d such that d and d
generate the same topology, yet for each x, y E X, d(x,y) < 1.
Definition. A metric on a set M is a function d : M x M →
non-negative real numbers) such that for all a, b, c E M, these properties hold:
R+ (where R, is the
(1) d(a, b) > 0, with d(a, b) = 0 if and only if a = b;
%3D
(2) d(a, b) = d(b, a);
(3) d(a, c) < d(a, b) + d(b, c).
These three properties are often summarized by saying that a metric is positive defi-
nite, symmetric, and satisfies the triangle inequality.
A metric space (M, d) is a set M with a metric d.
Example. The function d(x, y) = |x – y| is a metric on R. This measure of distance is
the standard metric on R.
Example. On any set M, we can define the discrete metric as follows: for any a, b e
M, d(a, b)
1 if a + b and d(a, a)
= 0. This metric basically tells us whether two
points are the same or different.
m
Example. Here's a strange metric on Q: for reduced fractions, let d(, ") = max(|a –
m|, |b – nl). Which rationals are "close" to one another under this metric?
%3D
n
Theorem 9.3. Let d be a metric on the set X. Then the collection of all open balls
В %3 В(р, е) 3 {у € X\d(p, у) < е} for every p € X and every e > 0}
forms a basis for a topology on X.
The topology generated by a metric d on X is called the d-metric topology for X.
Definition. A topological space (X,T) is a metric space or is metrizable if and only
if there is a metric d on X such that J is the d-metric topology. We sometimes write a
metric space as (X, d) to denote X with the d-metric topology.
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