(Themes 4+5) The spicy flavor of chili peppers derives in part from compounds called capsaicinoids. Levels of this compound in the pepper were recently found to be affected by mutations in the PAMT gene, which encodes a putative aminotransferase enzyme. Maps of the pAMT gene region in two peppers are shown below; numbered vertical lines represent exons. Devil's Yellow peppers have a Tcc transposon insertion in intron 3 of the pAMT gene, which leads to ~50% less capsaicinoid content as compared with Red Habanero peppers. Genome mRNA structure (a) Red Habanero || 12 3 |||||||||||| 45 67 89 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (b) Devil's Yellow ||H 12 3 Tcc 17 67 1.0 kb ⇓⇓⇓||||||| 89 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 45 591 bp (Tanaka et al 2019 Plant Journal) 17 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 17 ….. 17 Scientists sequenced the mRNA expressed from the two peppers, and found the exon structure shown at right. The Devil's Yellow pepper now contained an extra region of sequence (grey box) containing partial Tcc transposon sequence that forms nonfunctional pAMT. a) Propose a hypothesis of what step in gene expression was affected by the Tcc insertion to produce the indicated mRNA structure, and briefly justify your answer, including specifying what sequences or properties must be contained within Tcc to produce this result. b) Given that all 17 expected exons are still present in the mRNA expressed by Devil's Yellow peppers, why might this Tcc- altered pAMT be nonfunctional? Briefly propose and justify one molecular hypothesis about what functional aspect of the mRNA could have been affected, and how this led to the loss of pAMT function.

Blood clots form in response to __________________ which cause bleeding.

QUESTION 84 Match the terms on the left with its description or definition on the right. There is only one answer for each item. v Skeletal system A. Distribution of oxygen, nutrients, hormones and removal of wastes v Respiratory system v Cranial cavity B. Toward or at the front of the body or in front of C. Encloses the heart, esophagus and tracheaT v Anterior (Ventral) D. Movement, protection, support, blood formation and calcium storage v Pelvic cavity E. Toward the head end or upper body part of the body or above F. Encloses the bladder and some reproductive organs. G. Ventilation of lungs, provides oxygen to blood cells, removal of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance and generation of sound H. Encloses the brain 1. Toward or at the back of the body or behind J. Toward or athe body surface lick Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers.

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