The“unsuccessful mutualists” in Kathleen Keeler’s cost-benefit model ofmutualism are those that:a.give benefits to their partner, but fail to receive benefits in return.b.receive benefits from their partner, but fail to provide benefits inreturn.c.neither give benefits to their partner, nor receive them in return.d.fail to locate individuals of their mutualistic partner effectively.e.locate mutualistic partners, but fail to overcome their defenses againstcolonization.

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Ecological Interactions

The study of the ecological interactions between living beings and their physical environment, including humans, is ecology. It aims to understand the crucial links between plants and animals and the world around them. Ecology also gives knowledge on the advantages of ecosystems and how we may use Earth resources to ensure that future generations have a healthy environment.