Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition)
Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition)
13th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923605
Author: Robert L. Boylestad
Publisher: PEARSON
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Operational Amplifier
An operational amplifier also called op amp is an integrated circuit or analog circuit that takes input as a differential voltage and produces output as a single-ended voltage. It is an IC that can amplify weak electric signals.An op amp has one output p…
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PROCEDURE 1. Consider the dual supply circuit of Figure 6.1 using E1 = 6 volts, E2 = 12 volts, R1 = 4.7 k, R2 = 6.8 k, R3 = 10 k, R4 = yields two equations with two unknowns, namely node voltages A and B. Again, once these potentials are found, any other circuit current or voltage may be determined by applying Ohm's Law and/or KVL and KCL. %3D 22 k and R5 = 33 k. Applying nodal analysis to this circuit 2. Write the node equations for the circuit of Figure 6.1 and solve for node voltage A, node voltage B and the potential from A to B. Also, determine the current through R4. Record these values in Table 6.1. 3. Construct the circuit of Figure 6.1 using the values specified in step four. Measure the voltages from node A to ground, node B to ground and from node A to B, along with the current though R4. Record these values in Table 6.1. Also determine and record the deviations. SIMULATION Build the circuit of Figure 6.1 in a simulator. Using the DC Operating Point simulation function, determine the voltages at nodes A and B, and compare these to the theoretical and measured values recorded in Table 6.1. DATA TABLES Parameter Theory Experimental Deviation VA V8 V AB IR4 Table 6.1 QUESTIONS 1. Do the polarities of the sources in Figure 6.1 matter as to the resulting voltages? Will the magnitudes of the voltages be the same if one or both sources have an inverted polarity? 2. In circuit of this exercise the negative terminals of the sources are connected to ground. Is this a requirement for nodal analysis? What would happen to the node voltages if the positions of E1 and R1 in Figure 6.1 were swapped?
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Transcribed Image Text:PROCEDURE 1. Consider the dual supply circuit of Figure 6.1 using E1 = 6 volts, E2 = 12 volts, R1 = 4.7 k, R2 = 6.8 k, R3 = 10 k, R4 = yields two equations with two unknowns, namely node voltages A and B. Again, once these potentials are found, any other circuit current or voltage may be determined by applying Ohm's Law and/or KVL and KCL. %3D 22 k and R5 = 33 k. Applying nodal analysis to this circuit 2. Write the node equations for the circuit of Figure 6.1 and solve for node voltage A, node voltage B and the potential from A to B. Also, determine the current through R4. Record these values in Table 6.1. 3. Construct the circuit of Figure 6.1 using the values specified in step four. Measure the voltages from node A to ground, node B to ground and from node A to B, along with the current though R4. Record these values in Table 6.1. Also determine and record the deviations. SIMULATION Build the circuit of Figure 6.1 in a simulator. Using the DC Operating Point simulation function, determine the voltages at nodes A and B, and compare these to the theoretical and measured values recorded in Table 6.1. DATA TABLES Parameter Theory Experimental Deviation VA V8 V AB IR4 Table 6.1 QUESTIONS 1. Do the polarities of the sources in Figure 6.1 matter as to the resulting voltages? Will the magnitudes of the voltages be the same if one or both sources have an inverted polarity? 2. In circuit of this exercise the negative terminals of the sources are connected to ground. Is this a requirement for nodal analysis? What would happen to the node voltages if the positions of E1 and R1 in Figure 6.1 were swapped?
ACTIVITY No. 6 Nodal Analysis ОВJECTIVE The study of nodal analysis is the objective of this exercise, specifically its usage in multi-source DC circuits. Its application to finding circuit currents and voltages will be investigated. THEORY OVERVIEW Multi-source DC circuits may be analyzed using a node voltage technique. The process involves identifying all of the circuit nodes, a node being a point where various branch currents combine. A reference node, usually ground, is included. Kirchhoff's Current Law is then applied to each node. Consequently a set of simultaneous equations are created with an unknown voltage for each node with the exception of the reference. In other words, a circuit with a total of five nodes including the reference will yield four unknown node voltages and four equations. Once the node voltages are determined, various branch currents and component voltages may be derived. EQUIPMENT (1) Adjustable DC Power Supply (1) Digital Multimeter (1) 4.7 k2 (1) 6.8 k2 (1) 10 k2 (1) 22 k2 (1) 33 k2 SCHEMATICS A B R4 R1 R2 R3 R5 El E2 Figure 6.1
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Transcribed Image Text:ACTIVITY No. 6 Nodal Analysis ОВJECTIVE The study of nodal analysis is the objective of this exercise, specifically its usage in multi-source DC circuits. Its application to finding circuit currents and voltages will be investigated. THEORY OVERVIEW Multi-source DC circuits may be analyzed using a node voltage technique. The process involves identifying all of the circuit nodes, a node being a point where various branch currents combine. A reference node, usually ground, is included. Kirchhoff's Current Law is then applied to each node. Consequently a set of simultaneous equations are created with an unknown voltage for each node with the exception of the reference. In other words, a circuit with a total of five nodes including the reference will yield four unknown node voltages and four equations. Once the node voltages are determined, various branch currents and component voltages may be derived. EQUIPMENT (1) Adjustable DC Power Supply (1) Digital Multimeter (1) 4.7 k2 (1) 6.8 k2 (1) 10 k2 (1) 22 k2 (1) 33 k2 SCHEMATICS A B R4 R1 R2 R3 R5 El E2 Figure 6.1
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