The stresses induced by a surface load on a loose horizontal sand (ɸ = 30o) layer were found to be σv = 6.0 kPa, τv = 1.6 kPa, σh = 3.7 kPa, and τh = -1.6 kPa. By means of Mohr circles, determine if such a state of stress is safe. If so, what is the factor of safety? Use FS = τff(available) / τf(applied) for the definition of factor of safety.

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Principles of Seepage

In hydrology, when water flows down in a pore or crack of unsaturated soil due to gravity, the deep layer of soil is called seepage. It is the slow movement of water in the soil layer. Seepage is mainly found near hydraulic structures and is responsible for the stability of earthen-type hydraulic structures.