The relationship between the average temperature on the earth's surface in odd years between 1981 1999, is given by the following below: Year (y) Temperature (x, °C) 1981 14.1999 1983 14.2411 1985 14.0342 1987 14.2696 1989 14.197 1991 14.3055 1993 14.1853 1995 14.3577 1997 14.4187 1999 14.3438 a. Estimate the temperature in even years by linear, quadratic, and cubic interpolation order! Choose the method that you think is appropriate, and explain the difference. b. Perform a least-square regression of the above data to estimate the temperature in even years.

Please expound on the following assertion about Apache Spark: The modifications of RDDs are carried out in a leisurely manner by Apache Spark.

In order to indicate that a particular attribute does not have any data associated with it, the variable-length record format makes use of the null bitmap. In certain peculiar circumstances, a tuple could have the majority or even all of its properties set to the value null. Changing the way in which records are represented may cut the overhead of a null attribute down to a single bit, which is a significant savings of space.

This week, you learned about using CTEs (Common Table Expressions) to retrieve data. However, with the knowledge from CISS 202, you can still solve most of the problems in this chapter that use CTEs. Why is CTE so popular, even though it is only required for very few problems? In your answer, explain what a CTE is and provide your opinions on the benefits of using it.

In the variable-length record format, the existence of a null bitmap is utilised to signal whether or not an attribute has a null value. This may be done both explicitly and implicitly. In this particular scenario, the value of the field would be null; hence, the offset and length fields of variable-length fields would have the value null.