The problem of goal congruence in decentralized organizations is rooted in the fact that… a. … financial goals may contradict strategic goals of the organization. b. … senior management does not always have the resources to implement high-level strategies. c. … lower-level managers do not automatically understand and agree with organizational goals and strategies. d. … senior management is often reluctant to give lower-level managers a certain amount of independence. e. … employees are not always motivated by financial goals or incentive schemes.

A good performance measurement system should have the following characteristics: It should be based on activities over which managers have control or influence. It should be measurable. It should be timely. It should be consistent in its application. When appropriate, the actual results should be compared with the budgeted results, standards, or past performance. The measurements must not favor the manager over the goals of the entire organization. Often, managers have the ability to make decisions that favor their individual units but that may be detrimental to the overall performance of the organization. True / False

1. Why should it matter to adopt this concept of Integrated Reporting <IR> into the corporate reporting practice when both the financial and sustainability reports are already in practice?   2. Shouldn't this be a waste of managerial effort? Or a duplication of efforts?   3. How do you relate the idea of integrated thinking into your personal academic learning habits in relation to the creation of a valuable result overtime.   4.Aren't we being too restrictive on focusing only on the numerical results of not just the financial reports in the perspective of business as well as to our personal lives? What should we therefore need to do to deviate from such a tradition practice or perception.

what is implicationstion if management refused to sign a management representative letter? If management signs a management representative letter, is that a good indication that all of management statement described in the letter are actually true?

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agency costs may occur if  A. Managers make decisions for their own best interest  B. Managers may not attempt to maximize the value of the firm to shareholders  C. The board does not properly oversee the activities and decisions of managers D.all of the above

Which of the following is not a benefit of participative budgeting?   Multiple Choice It serves as training or development for managers. It provides information that employees know but managers do not. It reduces or eliminates the need for tracking actual cost activity. It enhances employee motivation and acceptance of goals.

Kaplan (‘Relevance Regained’, Management Accounting, September 1988) states theview that the ‘time-honoured traditions of cost accounting’ are ‘irrelevant, misleading and wrong’. Variance analysis, product costing and operational control arecited as examples of areas where information provided by management accountants along traditional lines could well fail to meet today’s needs of management inindustry.You are required to(a) state what you consider to be the main requirements for effective operationalcontrol and product costing in modern industry; (b) identify which ‘traditional cost accounting’ methods in the areas quoted in (a)may be considered to be failing to supply the appropriate information tomanagement, and explain why; (c) recommend changes to the ‘traditional cost accounting’ methods andinformation which would serve to meet the problems identified in (b).

Managers should pay little attention to bottleneck operations since they have limited capacity for producing output. True or False True False