The monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that monoamine oxidase is overproduced in very depressed people. depression is a result of low monoamine levels at synapses. depression is a result of high monoamine levels at synapses. monoamine oxidase is absent in very depressed people.
Q: A white male, 17 years of age presented at the emergency room with a severe headache, vomiting, and…
A: Bacterial infections are medical conditions caused by the development of dangerous bacteria or by…
Q: Which of the following best describes genetic variation between human populations from different…
A: Human populations have existed for thousands of years, and over time, genetic variation has…
Q: A 3:1 phenotypic ratio will occur when which of the following crosses is done? Select one: a. Ttx Tt…
A: A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross between two individuals that differ in only one trait, where…
Q: Bull | || Suspected stolen cow pauer. mum i Newborn calf bal
A: As all the bands present in the calf either belong to the bull or the cow(stolen) We can say that…
Q: Explain the 'Transforming growth factor family' influence on reproduction, giving examples
A: A class of proteins known as the transforming growth factor (TGF) family is involved in many…
Q: Why do women go through menopause?
A: The menstruation cycle is a sequence of biological changes in the production of hormones and the…
Q: One way to control metabolic pathways, or other conditions that involve proteins, is to regulate the…
A: "According to our guidelines, we are supposed to answer only three subparts of a question. Please…
Q: How can marine organisms help in the development of the pharmaceuticals?
A: Marine organisms are living organisms that inhabit the oceans, seas and other saltwater…
Q: Which of the following is true about tRNA? Select one: A. All tRNAs have a CCA sequence at the…
A: tRNA stands for transfer RNA, which is a type of RNA molecule that plays a critical role in protein…
Q: The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the A) pulmonary trunk. B) pulmonary veins.…
A: The left atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart, and it receives oxygenated blood from the…
Q: 8. Cytosine makes up 38% of the nocleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately, what…
A: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) are both types of nucleic acids that play…
Q: HACCP plan hazards analysis of yoghurt Raw Material / Processing Steps HACCP Plan Reference #…
A: Yoghurt is a popular fermented dairy product consumed worldwide. To ensure the safety and quality of…
Q: Flowering plants (angiosperms) Conifers, cycads, Ginkgo gnetophytes (gymnosperms) Ferns & horsetails…
A: Bryophytes are a group of non vascular land plants that includes mosses, liverworts and hornworts.…
Q: What are the underlying biological mechanisms that differentiate the various types of cancer, and…
A: Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of…
Q: In your own words describe the various types of bonds that are found in the structure of DNA and the…
A: In this discussion, we'll investigate the captivating world of DNA, the molecule responsible for…
Q: Choose the correct phrases to complete the sentences below regarding the functions of each chemical…
A: Endocrine hormones are secreted by various glands in the body and act as chemical messengers to…
Q: A tiger is stalking you. Explain how your metabolism respond to help you escape. Include: a) which…
A: Since they are the top predators, tigers can be very dangerous when they are on the prowl. Your body…
Q: 14.18) Write the three-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues, in order from N-terminus to…
A: It is important to know how DNA and RNA work together to make proteins. In transcription, DNA helps…
Q: A B Name each structure A B (Cells). C (Space the cell sits) D (a ring) E F [Choose] [Choose ]
A: The living tissue which help to make up the body's skeleton is called bone . It made up of…
Q: Discuss and explain why these below hazards are the most important
A: 1. Presence of listeria/ Salmonella: Listeria, a foodborne bacteria most likely found in improperly…
Q: ow does the Toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway work? Taking into consideration the cellular and…
A: Myeloid cells like erythrocytes, granulocytes and macrophages express toll like 4 receptors. These…
Q: Please Draw Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA
A: In the LAMP reaction, gene amplification proceeds through repetition of two types of elongation…
Q: During exhalation, A) pressure inside the lungs is less than the outside pressure. B)…
A: Breathing is a necessary process of our respiratory system that consists of two stages: inhalation…
Q: long day plant is given a long night, and is interrupted by a light pulse in the middle of the…
A: Plants respond to specific light signals, including the duration and quality of light, a process…
Q: 3. On the diagram below... - Using green dashed lines, draw in the hydrogen bonds on the right…
A: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary/ genetic material of almost all biological entities…
Q: Why do the inner ears of most vertebrates have three semicircular canals and not just one?
A: The inner ear is an important sensory organ in vertebrates that plays a crucial role in the…
Q: A. Is A a chordate? [Select] B. Is A or B more Advanced? [Select] C. What evidence is there to…
A: Understanding the developmental connections among chordates is significant for decoding the…
Q: 2. Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the…
A: Inheritance pattern is a type of pattern which determines how traits are passed on from parental…
Q: Enough of a monoprotic acid is dissolved in water to produce a 1.83 M solution. The pH of the…
A: First, the pH can be used to determine the amount of H+ ions present in the solution:…
Q: Sperm need to be deposited in the vagina close to the time of ovulation because… a)…
A: The process of sexual reproduction in which the fusion of a male and female gamete occurs to produce…
Q: Name four intracellular mediators that G proteins impact.
A: G-proteins (Guanine or GTP binding proteins) are the surface proteins that play a crucial role in…
Q: This virus does not conform to the central dogma of molecular biology. Explain the central dogma and…
A: In this discussion, we'll investigate the complexities of certain infections that resist the central…
Q: Compare how much net ATP is generated per glucose molecule under anaerobic vs aerobic conditions and…
A: It is necessary for all living things to produce energy through cellular respiration. Energy is…
Q: 2.2.1 Which gender/sex can be carriers of colour blindness and not have it? (1) 2.2.2 Why does…
A: Pedigrees are of different types. They are : 1. X linked recessive inheritance. 2. X linked…
Q: Which of the following is an example of a primary defense against biotic stress?. Select one:
A: Biotic stress refers to the negative impact of living organisms, such as pathogens, pests, and…
Q: How does the brain process and integrate visual information from the eyes to create a coherent and…
A: The human brain processes and integrates visual information from the eyes to create a coherent and…
Q: You conduct an experiment in the lab to determine the adaptation rate of different touch receptors.…
A: Mechanoreceptors are also known as touch receptors. These are specialised neurons which react to…
Q: A dihybrid cross SS tt x ss TT is used to make an F₁ generation. In the cross the S locus exhibits…
A: Gregor Mendel is regarded as the father of genetics. His experiments with pea plants in the…
Q: All known hormones in plants are regulated by proteasomes. Which of the following describes the…
A: Promoter molecules are activator that increases the transcription of the genes while suppressor is…
Q: In order to breed corn with higher oil content in its seeds, you select genotypes with the highest…
A: Breeding corn for oil content involves selecting parents with higher oil content as the breeding…
Q: Which process is occurring in these bacteria? A. transduction B. transformation C.…
A: Microbes are able of exchanging hereditary material through different mechanisms, permitting them to…
Q: Osteoporosis is a loss of bone density that can be caused by low concentrations of calcium in bones.…
A: Chemicals called hormones serve primarily as the body's messengers. These messengers regulate a…
Q: Oestrogens are produced from androgens in the granulosa cells (GC) in the ovary. These androgens…
A: There are two female sex hormones produced mainly by the ovaries. These are estrogen and…
Q: What is the most likely cause of the patient's condition? What is the most likely causative agent?…
A: Ranch worker works in an open area. Ranching is a practice of raising grazing livestock such as…
Q: Which of the following is not a way that living in a social group can provide protection for the…
A: Interactions between individuals, often those of the same species, that are typically advantageous…
Q: 4 Natalizumab is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody that targets the cell- adhesion molecule…
A: Natalizumab is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody that targets the cell-adhesion molecule alpha-4…
Q: Name the three processes circled, say where they occur/how they relate, and what their significant…
A: Photosynthesis is a metabolic process takes place inside the green plant . During this process ,…
Q: The anticodon sequence created from the following DNA: TACGGGGCTGAGATT Select one: O a.…
A: The sequence of nucleotides that complement codons is known as an anticodon. They are found in tRNAs…
Q: You know this cell is in ___________of meiosis because ____________. Group of answer choices…
A: Meiosis is a type of cell division that takes place only in sexually reproducing organisms. Meiosis…
Q: Choose the most accurate characteristic of B cells. A) They help establish and control the…
A: B cells are a type of white blood cell that are part of the adaptive immune system. They are…
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are a group of neurotransmitters collectively called monoamines. A lack of these monoamines has been linked to depression. Depression is treated with dru that prolong the effect of these neurotransmitters either by preventing the re-uptake of the neurotransmitters, or by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down these neurotransmitters. Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters'are true? The table lists the classifications of three antidepressants. Antidepressant Classification fluoxetine selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) phenelzine monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor amitriptyline tricyclic antidepressant Check all that apply. View Available Hint(s) MAO inhibitors are examples of monoamine antagonists. EFluoxetine inhibits the enzyme that breaks down monoamines. ODopamine plays a role in feelings of pleasure and pain. DA deficiency of serotonin norepinephrine, and dopamine is associated with depression. Some drug…What is the role of oxidate stress in the development of Parkinson's disease? Oxidative stress plays an important role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. The disruptions in the physiologic maintenance of redox protection in neurons interfere with the process, which ends up leading to cell death?Which statement is true regarding GABA and Glutamate? Glutamate signaling is only required for the development of glutamatergic synapses O GABA is always inhibitory Glutamate is recycled with the aid of glial cells at the synapse O Neither glutamate nor GABA are very prevalent in the CNS
- In a cell line derived from normal rat thyroid, stimulation of the alpha1-adrenergic receptor increases both IP3 formation and release of arachidonic acid (AA). IP3 elevates cytosolic Ca, which mediates thyroxine efflux, whereas AA serves as a source of prostaglandin E2, which stimulates DNA synthesis. It is not clear how AA release is connected to the adrenergic receptor. AA could arise by cleavage from the DAG that accompanies IP3 production. Alternatively, AA could arise through an independent effect of the receptor on PLA2, which can directly release AA from intact phosphoglycerides. Consider the following experimental observations: a) Addition of noradrenaline to cell cultures stimulates production of both IP3 and AA. b) If the alpha1-adrenergic receptors are made unresponsive to noradrenaline by treatment with phorbol esters (which act through PKC to cause phosphorylation, and inactivation, of the receptor), addition of noradrenaline causes no increase in IP3 or AA. c) When…In schizophrenia, the neurons affected by dopamine are overstimulated. This condition is treated with drugs like chlorpromazine (Thorazine), which bind to the affected receptors and inhibit the dopamine signal. Does chlorpromazineact as an agonist or antagonist?Chlorpromazine and Bromocriptine both have the affinity in the dopamine receptors of the Central Nervous System, Chlorpromazine is use to treat schizophrenia and psychosis whereas Bromocriptine is use to treat parkinson’s disease. Explain the action of these drugs in the dopamine receptor and why they have different effects and clinical use, knowing that they both act on the dopamine receptors.
- Nervous system functions that directly employ acetylcholine neurotransmitters are referred to as cholinergic. Drugs that might be therapeutic in treating the symptoms of dopamine loss in Parkinson’s disease could include multiple choice 1 dopaminergic agonists and cholinergic antagonists. dopaminergic antagonists and cholinergic antagonists. dopaminergic antagonists and cholinergic agonists. dopaminergic agonists and cholinergic agonists. 2. From the information provided, drugs used to treat Parkinson’s disease symptoms will act at which location? multiple choice 2 The globus pallidus The substantia nigra The striatum 3. Which of the following might be therapeutic in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms? multiple choice 3 all of these choices listed may be therapeutic increasing dopamine receptor responsiveness monoamine oxidase inhibition increasing dopamine release decreasing dopamine…Parkinson's Disease Parkinson's disease is neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Most people affected with Parkinson's disease demonstrate rigidity, slow movement, and shaking. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease occur when the cells that produce dopamine neurotransmitters die in the brain. Explain how the signal transmission at a synapse in an individual with Parkinson's disease is different than an unaffected individual. Describe the normal process of signal transmission at a synapse. Start with the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and include the name of the neurotransmitter that is affected by Parkinson's disease. Explain how the process is different in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.Sometimes, neurotransmitter functioning decreases by adding another signal substance (e.g. neurosteroids). An example of this is when the effect of GABA on a GABA receptor is decreased by administering a substance name picrotoxin. Picrotoxin has no independent effect. What is the correct term for this effect? O Negative allosteric modulation (NAM). O Cotransmission. O Positive allosteric modulation (PAM). O Volume transmission.
- There is a toxin extracted from pufferfish called tetrodotoxin (TTX), which completely inhibits (blocks) voltage-gated sodium channels. In low doses it can cause a slight numbness (people eat contaminated pufferfish sometimes!), in high doses it is lethal. Why is this the case? It prevents glutamate uptake and reuptake, causing seizures in the brain Ob. It causes excess neuronal activity, leading to excitotoxicity and cell death It destroys myelin around axons, slowing action potential propagation It prevents action potentials from being initiated, stopping all synaptic transmission O 0 o oGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Because too much glutamate can cause excess Ca+2/Na+2 influx and excitatory in post-synaptic cells, the balance between excitation and inhibition must be tightly regulated. Calling upon only mechanisms that are directly part of the glutamate life cycle, describe two ways that you could experimentally limit or prevent glutamate excitotoxicity.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal…