The graphic below shows a reducing section that is part of a vertical pipeline. The pipeline contains an oil (S=0.8) that is flowing at a rate of 0.6 m³/s. The pressure at the entrance to the reducing section (i.e. the larger diameter section indicated as point 1) is p₁= 200 kPa. The dimensions of the section are: L=450 mm, D₁= 450 mm and D₂ = 300 mm. Assume the temperature as 5°C. Z P₁ X D₂ D₁ Q Determine the force on the reducing section. In your calculations you should neglect losses but include gravity. Draw appropriate diagrams to support your working out. 2 L 1

Question 10 Which of the following statements are true about minor losses? Select all that apply. Minor losses are always greater than major losses. Minor losses are caused by screens, bends, and valves. Minor losses consider viscous effects in the pipe. We can use the Darcy-Weisbach equation to solve for hL(minor).

A. Select the most appropriate flow profile (from # 1 to #6 in Figure Q1.A) for each of the fluid types listed below. a. Newtonian b. Shear Thinning c. Shear Thickening Bingham Plastic d. #1 DD y=0 y = ymar P #4 2 #12 #5 P #3 #6

Given A fluid with sg = 0.74 is flowing at 0.089 m3/s in the fabricated tube shown in the figure. The pressure in the tube before the contraction is 475 kPa. Refer to Appendix G.2. Flow 80-mm OD x 2.8-mm wall steel tube 160-mm OD x 5.5-mm wall steel tube Required Calculate the pressure in the smaller tube, to the nearest 10th. Your Answer: