The fungus Botrytis cinerea is a pathogen of plants, and causes high losses of strawberry crops around the world.  In Europe, most B. cinerea fungi are killed by fungicides (chemicals sprayed on the crops to kill the fungus).  However, some B. cinerea are resistant, and continue to live even when exposed to fungicides.  If the currently-used fungicides continue to be sprayed on strawberry crops in Europe, what is expected to happen? (Choose one.)   a)The strawberries will eventually become larger and more resistant to fungicides.   b)The strawberries will form a beneficial association (mutualism) with the B. cinerea, and both will be resistant to the fungicides.   c)Strawberry plants will preferentially be colonized by B. cinerea that are not resistant to fungicides.   d) The proportion of B. cinerea that are resistant to fungicides will increase in the population over time, and these fungicides will no longer be effective at killing most of these fungi.

Process b is blank where the fungus changes from blank to blank (policy level, ie. n, 2n, 3n, n+n, etc.) blank is what happens in this process. Fill in the blanks ?

Worldwide, frog populations are in decline. Several different fungi have been implicated in (thought to be the cause of) decreases in frog numbers. In particular, shrub frogs are especially at risk. You test several different fungi species to see how they affect sample populations of splotched frogs, a close relative of the shrub frog that is not endangered. To do this, you use the different species of fungi to infect populations of splotched frogs and then measure survival rates of these frogs at different frog densities. Frog densities are given in column 1 of the table below. The frog population in column 2 is the control, which was not infected with a fungus. Initial density of frog population (before introduction of Frog survival Frog survival Frog survival Frog survival Frog survival rate rate rate rate rate Control Fungus Fungus Fungus B. grenchius Fungus B. sporifera B. noeltid B. talbuta fungus) Per 1000 m2 10 0.95 0.72 0.83 0.90 0.5 50 0.9 0.64 0.82 0.87 0.35 75 0.88 0.66…

A disease spreads that only effects the haploid cells of a plant, killing them. What would happen to an angiosperm? |- it would not be able to reproduce Il - the photosynthetic stage of the organism would die III - the sporophyte stage would be effected IV- organs containing sperm and egg would be effected O a) I and IV O b) II OC) I, II, III and IV O d) Il and II

79

it is discovered that the algae-killing product (AlgaeBdead) that spilled in Lake Ontario also inhibits (slows) the growth of fungi in the lake.  Explain one way this would negatively affect the lake ecosystem.

Fairy rings (such as the one in the photo on the left) are circles of fungi that often appear in open meadows and in forest areas. In the soil beneath the fungi is an ever-extending mycelium. As the mycelium spreads to seek out more food, it sometimes will produce the fungi we see above ground to produce and release spores. The diagram on the right depicts the outline of a fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The ring represents the farthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. The letters A-D represent locations with respect to that ring which are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. 1)If the fungus that produced the fairy ring can also produce arbuscules, then which of the following is most likely to be buried at location "B"? a. cement-capped well b. deceased animal c. tree stump d. fire pit 2) Assume that all four locations are 0.5 meters above the surface, rather than below. On a breezy day with prevailing winds blowing from right…

A new disease is discovered that causes affected individuals to stumble, appear to have decomposing skin, and have the strong desire to bite another person. One scientist believes a type of fungus to be the cause. What should she do to demonstrate a link between the suspected pathogen and the disease? A. Use PCR to determine what genes are in the fungus B. Calculate the ID50 of the fungus C. Show that the fungus is present in diseased but not healthy individuals, culture it, infect an animal model with it, and reculture the fungus from the animal D. Test affected individuals for antibodies to the fungus

Assume you have an invasive fungus species growing in your backyard and you want to get rid of it. You decide to remove them from the ground by hand and dispose them in a corner because they will die off anyways. Few days later, you see even more fungi growing where you remove the original fungus. Why do you think that happened?

In the early 1800s, potatoes became the main food staple for the people of Ireland. In 1845, a fungus native to South America, Phytophthora infestans, began to infect potato plants, causing potato blight and making the tubers inedible. Over the next several years, most of the potato plants in the country were destroyed by this invasive species. Which of the following statements correctly explains why the Irish potato famine occurred? A - The arrival of ships from South America led to human introduction of the disease. B - A drought across Ireland in 1844 led to more damaged potato plants that were susceptible to infection. C - An increase in trade with other European countries led to the introduction of plants that were already infected with the fungus. D - Ireland’s climate became closer to that of South America, which allowed the fungus to infect potato plants and reproduce.