The formula of the test is as follows: X2 = E(dle) X2 = chi-square %3D E= sum of d = difference between expected and observed results (most often termed the deviation) e = expected results Example In the cross of wild-type by vestigial wing, a 3:1 ratio is expected. Thus, if a student counts 160 flies, 40 are expected to have vestigial wings, while 120 are expected to have long wings, but if a student counts 44 vestigial-winged flies and 116 long-winged flies, then the value for the chi-square test would be as calculated in the Table 1. Note: You will have four different phenotype combinations tolanalyze. Table 1: Calculation of Chi-Square - X2 Expected Number (e) Partial Chi-Square dle Phenotype Observed Number Difference (d) Vestigial Wing 44 40 4 16 16/40 = 0.400 Long Wing 116 120 4 16 16/120 = 0.133 E(dle) = 0.533 X2 = 0.533

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Chemical agents can cause mutations by ethylating guanine residues in DNA. Would that be true or false and Why is that ?  pls help me get this question asap

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