The continuous timing method in direct time study was used to obtain the element times for a worker-machine task as indicated in the table below. Element c is a machine-controlled element and the time is constant. Elements a, b, d, e, and f are operator-controlled and external to the machine cycle, and they were performance rated at 80%. If the machine allowance is 25%, and the worker PFD allowance is 15%, determine (a) the normal time, (b) the standard time for the cycle, and (c) the worker’s efficiency if the worker completes 360 work units working 7.2 hr on an 8-hour shift.

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The continuous timing method in direct time study was used to obtain the element times
for a worker-machine task as indicated in the table below. Element c is a machine-controlled
element and the time is constant. Elements a, b, d, e, and f are operator-controlled and
external to the machine cycle, and they were performance rated at 80%. If the machine
allowance is 25%, and the worker PFD allowance is 15%, determine (a) the normal time,
(b) the standard time for the cycle, and (c) the worker’s efficiency if the worker completes
360 work units working 7.2 hr on an 8-hour shift.

**Table: Observed Time for Various Elements**

This table lists the observed time (in minutes) for different elements labeled from 'a' to 'f'. Each element is associated with a specific observed time value.

| Element | \( a \)  | \( b \)  | \( c \)  | \( d \)  | \( e \)  | \( f \)  |
|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|
| Observed time (min) | 0.18    | 0.30    | 0.88    | 1.12    | 1.55    | 1.80    |

- **Element 'a'**: Observed time is 0.18 minutes.
- **Element 'b'**: Observed time is 0.30 minutes.
- **Element 'c'**: Observed time is 0.88 minutes.
- **Element 'd'**: Observed time is 1.12 minutes.
- **Element 'e'**: Observed time is 1.55 minutes.
- **Element 'f'**: Observed time is 1.80 minutes.

This table can be utilized for comparative analysis of times associated with each element.
Transcribed Image Text:**Table: Observed Time for Various Elements** This table lists the observed time (in minutes) for different elements labeled from 'a' to 'f'. Each element is associated with a specific observed time value. | Element | \( a \) | \( b \) | \( c \) | \( d \) | \( e \) | \( f \) | |---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Observed time (min) | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.88 | 1.12 | 1.55 | 1.80 | - **Element 'a'**: Observed time is 0.18 minutes. - **Element 'b'**: Observed time is 0.30 minutes. - **Element 'c'**: Observed time is 0.88 minutes. - **Element 'd'**: Observed time is 1.12 minutes. - **Element 'e'**: Observed time is 1.55 minutes. - **Element 'f'**: Observed time is 1.80 minutes. This table can be utilized for comparative analysis of times associated with each element.
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