**The aldol reaction is catalyzed by acid as well as by base. Write a detailed mechanism for the acid-catalyzed condensation of acetaldehyde (equation below), and use it to respond.**Illustration of the aldol reaction:1. **Acetaldehyde (reactant)**: - Structure: CH₃CHO 2. **Reaction with HCl**: - Conversion to β-hydroxybutanal3. **β-Hydroxybutanal (intermediate)**: - Structure: CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CHO 4. **Reaction with HCl (warm)**: - Conversion to 2-butenal5. **2-Butenal (product)**: - Structure: CH₃CH=CHCHO **Draw the reactive electrophile.**- Guidelines for drawing: - You do not have to consider stereochemistry. - You do not have to explicitly draw H atoms. - Do not include lone pairs in your answer. They will not be considered in the grading. - When there is a choice, draw the most stable resonance form.

This reaction is proceed by acid catalysed by acid . In first step enol is formed which further show…

The aldol reaction is catalyzed by acid as well as by base. Write a detailed mechanism for the acid-catalyzed condensation of acetaldehyde (equation below), and use it to respond. H₂C H acetaldehyde Draw the reactive electrophile. HCI H₂C OH O H B-hydroxybutanal HCI warm • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • You do not have to explicitly draw H atoms. • Do not include lone pairs in your answer. They will not be considered in the grading. • When there is a choice, draw the most stable resonance form. H3C 2-butenal H

The aldol reaction is catalyzed by acid as well as by base. Write a detailed mechanism for the acid-catalyzed condensation of acetaldehyde (equation below), and use it to respond. H₂C H acetaldehyde Draw the reactive electrophile. HCI H₂C OH O H B-hydroxybutanal HCI warm • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • You do not have to explicitly draw H atoms. • Do not include lone pairs in your answer. They will not be considered in the grading. • When there is a choice, draw the most stable resonance form. H3C 2-butenal H

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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1. An aldol reaction begins with addition of a catalytic amount of base to an aldehyde or ketone. Write the first step (formation of an enolate) of the reaction when a catalytic amount of NaOH is added to acetaldehyde. Base HH Z H 2. Continue the reaction in problem 1 showing reaction of the enolate with an unaffected molecule of acetaldehyde forming an alkoxide. Subsequent reaction with water yields a B-hydroxyaldehyde. OH -=7 H base H OH o ния H H टे H alo C The overall reaction in problems 1 and 2 is an aldol addition reaction. Each step is reversible. Write the mechanism for the reverse process converting the B-hydroxyaldehyde into two molecules of the original aldehyde. This process is a retro-aldol reaction. Use pK, values to explain why the process is reversible. -OH- e 7L Hlobia. Write the mechanism for reaction of butanone with catalytic aqueous NaOH. (Show each step with a reversible reaction arrow.)
base H3C H OH heat H + H₂O H The aldol reaction is a carbonyl condensation reaction between two carbonyl partners and involves a combination of nucleophilic addition and a-substitution steps. One partner is converted into an enolate ion nucleophile and adds to the electrophilic carbonyl group of the second partner. In the classic aldol reaction, the carbonyl partners are aldehydes or ketones, although aldehydes are more reactive. The product is a ẞ-hydroxy carbonyl compound. In the mixed aldol reaction, the best results are obtained when one of the partners does not have an a-hydrogen. It cannot form an enolate anion and can therefore not undergo self-reaction. The enolizable aldehyde is added slowly to a basic solution of the first aldehyde so that the mixed product is preferentially formed. Under reaction conditions slightly more vigorous than those employed for the aldol reaction, the ẞ-hydroxyl group is eliminated in an E1cB dehydration to give an a,ß-unsaturated carbonyl compound.…
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base 2 H3C H H3C OH heat H H3C + H₂O H The aldol reaction is a carbonyl condensation reaction between two carbonyl partners and involves a combination of nucleophilic addition and a-substitution steps. One partner is converted into an enolate ion nucleophile and adds to the electrophilic carbonyl group of the second partner. In the classic aldol reaction, the carbonyl partners are aldehydes or ketones, although aldehydes are more reactive. The product is a ẞ-hydroxy carbonyl compound. Under reaction conditions slightly more vigorous than those employed for the aldol reaction, the ẞ-hydroxyl group is eliminated in an E1CB dehydration to give an a,ẞ-unsaturated carbonyl compound. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions X :OH H₂O: а کی H₂C H H₂C H H
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