TENSION MEMBERS: THE SINGLE 200 X 10 mm STEEL PLATE IS CONNECTED TO A 12 mm THICK STEEL PLATE BY FOUR 16 mm DIAMETER RIVETS AS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE. THE RIVETS USED ARE A502 GRADE 2, HOT DRIVEN RIVETS. THE STEEL IS ASTM A36 WITH Fy = 248 MPa AND Fu = 400 MPa. DETERMINE THE VALUE OF P. a. P BASED ON TENSION OF GROSS AREA b. P BASED ON TENSION OF NET AREA c. P BASED ON BEARING OF PROJECTED AREA

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Bars

In civil engineering, bars refer to steel reinforcement bars or rebars. These are structural members primarily used for reinforcement purposes in masonry works. A bar is characterized by its cross-sectional area, which is negligible compared to its length. Bars are usually manufactured by steel which is uniform throughout the length, or by meshing multiple steel wires. Other materials of the bar include carbon steel, glass fiber, carbon fiber, and basalt fiber. The reinforcing bars are coated with epoxy resins and other materials to enhance some of their properties including corrosion resistance.