Sketch the graph of each polar equation. Also, convert each into a rectangular coordinate equation. 13. r 2 sin 0 17. r cos=-4 15. r = -sin 0 14. r 3 cos 0 16. r = -cos + + +

Advanced Engineering Mathematics
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Author:Erwin Kreyszig
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Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes
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### In General

#### Graphical Representations of Polar Equations

The image above illustrates two important polar equations:

1. **Left Diagram: \( r = a \cos \theta \), where \( a > 0 \)**

   - This represents a circle centered on the x-axis.
   - The radius of the circle is \( \frac{a}{2} \).
   - The circle intersects the x-axis at \( a \) and \( -a \), and the y-axis at \( \frac{a}{2} \) and \( -\frac{a}{2} \).

2. **Right Diagram: \( r = a \sin \theta \), where \( a > 0 \)**

   - This represents a circle centered on the y-axis.
   - The radius of the circle is \( \frac{a}{2} \).
   - The circle intersects the y-axis at \( a \) and \( -a \), and the x-axis at \( \frac{a}{2} \) and \( -\frac{a}{2} \).

#### Equations Relating Polar and Cartesian Coordinates

\[ x = r \cos \theta , \quad y = r \sin \theta , \quad r^2 = x^2 + y^2 , \quad \tan \theta = \frac{y}{x} \]

#### Exercises

**Sketch the graph of each polar equation.**

**Also, convert each into a rectangular coordinate equation.**

**13.** \( r = 2 \sin \theta \)

**14.** \( r = 3 \cos \theta \)

**15.** \( r = -\sin \theta \)

**16.** \( r = -\cos \theta \)

**17.** \( r \cos \theta = -4 \)

**Provided Blank Graphs:**

There are five blank coordinate graphs provided below the exercises for sketching the graphs of the given polar equations. Each graph has the standard x and y axes.

---

These explanations and exercises are designed to help you understand and practice converting between polar and Cartesian coordinates, and to graph polar equations appropriately.
Transcribed Image Text:### In General #### Graphical Representations of Polar Equations The image above illustrates two important polar equations: 1. **Left Diagram: \( r = a \cos \theta \), where \( a > 0 \)** - This represents a circle centered on the x-axis. - The radius of the circle is \( \frac{a}{2} \). - The circle intersects the x-axis at \( a \) and \( -a \), and the y-axis at \( \frac{a}{2} \) and \( -\frac{a}{2} \). 2. **Right Diagram: \( r = a \sin \theta \), where \( a > 0 \)** - This represents a circle centered on the y-axis. - The radius of the circle is \( \frac{a}{2} \). - The circle intersects the y-axis at \( a \) and \( -a \), and the x-axis at \( \frac{a}{2} \) and \( -\frac{a}{2} \). #### Equations Relating Polar and Cartesian Coordinates \[ x = r \cos \theta , \quad y = r \sin \theta , \quad r^2 = x^2 + y^2 , \quad \tan \theta = \frac{y}{x} \] #### Exercises **Sketch the graph of each polar equation.** **Also, convert each into a rectangular coordinate equation.** **13.** \( r = 2 \sin \theta \) **14.** \( r = 3 \cos \theta \) **15.** \( r = -\sin \theta \) **16.** \( r = -\cos \theta \) **17.** \( r \cos \theta = -4 \) **Provided Blank Graphs:** There are five blank coordinate graphs provided below the exercises for sketching the graphs of the given polar equations. Each graph has the standard x and y axes. --- These explanations and exercises are designed to help you understand and practice converting between polar and Cartesian coordinates, and to graph polar equations appropriately.
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