sketch the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals that result from linear combinations of the 2p_z atomic orbitals in a homonuclear diatomic molecule. (the 2p_z orbitals are those whose lobes are oriented perpendicular to the bonding axis.). How do these molecular orbitals differ from those obtained from linear combinations of the 2p_y atomic orbitals? (the 2p_y orbitals are also oriented perpendicular to the bonding axis, but also perpendicular to the 2p_z orbitals.)

Sigma bonding: A o bond arises from the straight-on overlap of two atomic orbitals. The electron density lies along the axis of the two bonded nuclei. sp3 hybrid orbital 1s orbital Example: Sigma Bonding in methane, CH4 What atomic or hybrid orbitals make up the sigma bond between C₂ and O in acetaldehyde, CH3 CHO? (C₂ is the second carbon in the structure as written.) orbital on C2 + orbital on O What is the approximate C₁-C₂-O bond angle? Angle =

Use the References to access important values if needed for this question. Answer the following questions about the hybrid orbitals on the chlorine atom in the ClO3+ and ClO2+ molecular ions. What are the expected geometries of these ions?   ClO3+:   Central atom = Cl     Type of hybrid orbitals on the chlorine atom =       Number of hybrid orbitals used in overlap with atomic orbitals =       Number of hybrid orbitals accomodating unshared electrons =       Hybrid orbital geometry =       Molecular geometry =     ClO2+:   Central atom = Cl     Type of hybrid orbitals on the chlorine atom =       Number of hybrid orbitals used in overlap with atomic orbitals =       Number of hybrid orbitals accomodating unshared electrons =       Hybrid orbital geometry =       Molecular geometry =

Elemental sulfur has several allotropic forms including the cyclic S8 molecule. If the bond angles in S8 are 108 degrees, what is the hybridization of each sulfur atom? what is the formal charge on each sulfur atom? If you forgot the formula to calculate formal charge, could you correctly predict the formal charge on each sulfur?