Six independent phylogenetic trees show that the same character evolved in the ancestor of a monophyletic group containing 12 species. How many times did that character evolve? More information is needed to answer this question six times 12 times once
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- a. Phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genes Brown algae Diatoms Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates Cryptophyte algae Red algae Red algae Green algae Euglenids Green algae Chlorarachniophyte algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Land plants Glaucocystophytes Cyanobacteria b. Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear genes Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Glaucocystophytes Red algae Green algae (including land plants) Cryptophyte algae 140000 Diatoms Brown algae Dinoflagellates Chlorarachniophyte algae Chloroplast genes relate brown algae, diatoms, most dinoflagellates, and cryptophyte algae to red algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. -Excavates Chloroplast genes relate euglenids and chlorarachniophyte algae to green algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. Chloroplasts form a monophyletic group nested within cyanobacteria, providing strong evidence for the…The phylogenetic tree to the right showsthe evolutionary relationships of taxa A –H. The shapes represent character statetrait changes. A. Which traits (shapes) would individualsin taxa D have? Draw the collection oftraits. B. Is the triangle a synapomorphy orpleisomorphy (circle one)? C. Is the circle a synapomorphy orsympleisomorphy (circle one)?To construct a phylogenetic tree by applying the principles of parsimony to molecular sequence data, one would: a. start by making assumptions about variations in the rates atwhich different DNA segments evolve. b. group together organisms that share the largest number ofancestral sequences. c. group together organisms that share derived sequences, matching the groups to those defined by morphologicalcharacters. d. group together organisms that share derived sequences, minimizing the number of hypothesized evolutionarychanges. e. identify derived sequences by studying the embryology of theorganisms.
- Know Thy Line! 1. ANIMAL PHYLOGENETIC TRREE. DIRECTIONS: Read the sentences carefully. Complete the sentence with the correct word from the box. Use the Animal Phylogenetic Tree (Figure 1) below as your reference. branch point polytomy phylogeny root rooted sister taxon taxon unrooted ANIMAL PHYLOGENETIC TREE (3) mammals (1). Created in BioRender.com bio Figure 1 Animal Phylogenetic Tree avians squamates lungfish ray-finned fish10. Taxonomy versus Phylogenetics For novice biologists, taxonomy and phylogenetics are difficult concepts to understand and keep separate. This confusion is made worse because modern taxonomic methods make use of molecular tools. Write an essay that contrasts taxonomy to phylogenetics and explain how both disciplines are important to our understanding of species and evolution. Your essay should include a description of taxonomy and phylogenetics, as well as a detailed explanation about how information is represented in a phylogenetic tree or a cladogram. It may help you to frame your argument if you start by constructing a paragraph for yourself that says: "Before reading my paper, my reader will think X. After reading my paper, my reader will think y."Imagine that you have the DNA sequences fromthe intron of a gene in three species called A, B,and C. Species A and B are most closely related,while C is more distantly related. The sequencesof A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differby 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 basepairs. Fossils show that species A and B divergedabout 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence asto when the most recent common ancestor ofall three species lived. Use the genetic data toestimate that date. What assumptions are youmaking to get this estimate?
- n 12 12 of 25 Scientific evidence documents the pattern of evolution. The evidence exists in a variety of categories, including direct observation of evolutionary change, the fossil record, homology, and biogeography. Sort the following examples into the correct categories. Drag each phrase to the appropriate bin. > View Available Hint(s) Reset Help same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants similarities in mammalian forelimbs development of drug resistance in bacteria discovery of transitional forms of horses similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species vestigial pelvis in right whales discovery of shells of extinct species the high concentration of marsupial species in Australia biogeography direct observation of evolutionary change fossil record homology P Pearson 12:06 PM EX home um ik T Y U home enter 4. B shift end alt ctrl 1441. You will notice that some lineages (e.g. the descendants of species 56) branched many times and are represented by many living species. Discuss the ecological conditions that you think might result in the rapid diversification of some lineages (A real world example would be the diversi- fication of the mammals at the beginning of the Cenozoic, right after the dinosaurs went extinct.)What is the purpose of using an outgroup when reconstructing a phylogenetic tree? [at least mention 4 points]
- 23 . When constructing a cladogram, which of the following is considered most useful for determining evolutionary relationships? Group of answer choices shared derived characters vestigial structures homoplastic characters morphological similarities shared ancestral characters1. Contrast homology and analogy. Give an example of homoplasy. 2. Discuss adaptation and preadaptation. 3. Compare and contrast divergent, convergent, parallel, and organic evolution. 4. What is a vestigial structure? A rudimentary structure? 5. Describe heterochrony – specifically paedogenesis, neoteny, and paedomorphosis.3. Which of the following phylogenies is different from the other three? B DECGA F a F F d B' FAG CEDB One additional concept that will likely be unfamiliar to many of you is that of crown vs. stem groups. As their names imply, crown groups are clustered toward the tips of a phylogeny, while stem groups are clustered toward the bottom of a phylogeny. This is a general pattern and not a fixed and precise rule, however, as both extinct and extant groups can be part of the "crown" group. The deciding factor that determines the delineations of a crown vs. stem group is whether the synapomorphies that define the group under examination are present. For example, you could have a whole cluster of mammals, some of which are extinct, but all of which show all of the characteristics currently used to define mammals. In this case, any extinct groups that show all mammalian features would be classed as crown mammals. In contrast, any extinct groups that branch off on the way to mammals, but did…