Researchers designed an experiment to investigate how stress affects memory. Participants were high schom students who were told by their principal that they had to participate in this study. They were randomly assigned to a classroom and given a test on recently taught material. Participants in the experimental condition were exposed to a "stressful environment", which included an inflexible instructor, a large grade attached to the test, a time limit for the test, being rushed by the instructe and loud construction noises coming through the windows. Participants in the control condition had an understanding instructor, had a small grade attached to the test, were offered help from the instructor, were given unlimited time, and were in a quiet setting. At the end of the study, the researchers compared the test scores and concluded that the independent variable caused a change in the dependent variable. Identify the independent variable in the experiment. • Identify the dependent variable in the experiment. • Identify the ethics violation in the study. • Explain why the researchers can conclude that there is a cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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