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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- Q5.9. A person who is heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis allele moves to a small, isolated community where no one previously carried the allele. If the cystic fibrosis allele protects against tuberculosis the same way the sickle cell allele protects against malaria, what should happen to the frequency of the cystic fibrosis allele in the community over time, and why?Q5.1. Which of the following is FALSE? If a genetic disease reduces fertility and the allele that causes the disease offers no other advantage, the allele will likely eventually disappear, due to natural selection. Natural selection does not favor individuals who are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele, because these individuals typically die before they are old enough to reproduce. Individuals who are heterozygous HbA/ HbS are protected from malaria, and this is why sickle-cell disease persists in wetter, mosquito-prone regions in Africa. OIn regions where malaria does not occur, individuals who are heterozygous HBAIHBS have a fitness advantage over those who are homozygous for the normal hemoglobin allele (HbA). Submit Q5.2. AFTER malaria is cured, the frequency of the HbS allele should decrease in regions with lots of mosquitoes because: People will no longer die from sickle-cell disease in these regions. Having one copy of the HbS allele will no longer be advantageous in these…12:29 ė Variation in Alleles Allele frequency - Allele frequency, or gene frequency, is the relative frequency of an allele a particular locus in a population 1. What is the allele frequency for the dominant allele? 2. What is the percentage of dominant alleles? 3. What is the allele frequency for the recessive allele? 4. What is the percentage of recessive alleles? 264 If you have 12 alleles, and 7 of them are dominant and 5 of them are recessive, calculate the following allele frequencies. ×
- Q5.1. Which of the following is FALSE? O If a genetic disease reduces fertility and the allele that causes the disease offers no other advantage, the allele will likely eventually disappear, due to natural selection. Natural selection does not favor individuals who are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele, because these individuals typically die before they are old enough to reproduce. Individuals who are heterozygous HbAlHbS are protected from malaria, and this is why sickle-cell disease persists in wetter, mosquito-prone regions in Africa. O In regions where malaria does not occur, individuals who are heterozygous HbAIHbS have a fitness advantage over those who are homozygous for the normal hemoglobin allele (HbA).Phenotype to Population 1. Describe how the phenotype of individuals with sickle-cell disease influences how common the Hbs allele is in the population: Do individuals with sickle cell disease typically have many offspring? What effect does the fact that individuals with sickle-cell disease do not produce many offspring have on the frequency of the Hbs allele in the population over time? Given this, do you expect the Hbs allele to be common or rare in populations?Q5. Which of the following is FALSE? If a genetic disease reduces fertility and the allele that causes the disease offers no other advantage, the allele will likely eventually disappear, due to natural selection. Natural selection does not favor individuals who are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele, because these individuals typically die before they are old enough to reproduce. Individuals who are heterozygous HbA/HbS are protected from malaria, and this is why sickle-cell anemia persists in wetter, mosquito-prone regions in Africa. O In regions where malaria does not occur, individuals who are heterozygous HbA/HbS have a selective advantage over those who are homozygous for the normal hemoglobin allele (HbA).
- 2. 235O 4) Q7. Haemophiliacs possess a non-functional form of the gene responsible for the production of blood clotting factors. Shown below is the occurrence of haemophilia in one family. = male = female = male haemophiliac 7. 8. 5. 9. 3. 11 12 Usingthe following symbols: H = dominant allele h = recessive allele 1) State the genotypes of the following individuals. Individual Genotype 1. 6. 2) On the basis of the information provided, is the inheritance of haemophilia: (i) autosomal or sex-linked? (ii) dominant or recessive? 3) State the probability of individual 8 being a carrier of haemophilia. 4) Explain why only females can be carriers of haemophilia.Q6.8. Imagine a population evolving by genetic drift, in which the frequency of allele K is 0.3. What is the probability that at some point in the future allele K will drift to a frequency of 1.0? Express your answer as a number between 0 and 1. (Hint: Remember the exercise you did in Section 3 - Size Matters, where you explored how the probability of fixation is dependent on an allele's initial frequency.)(1 point) Humans with the genotypes DD and Dd show the Rh+ blood phenotype, whereas those with the genotype dd show the Rh- blood phenotype. In a sample of 400 Basques from Spain, 230 people were Rh+ and 170 people were Rh-. Assuming that this population is in Hardy-Weinberg proportions, what is the allele frequency of the allele D? (a) (a) 0.348 (answer) (b) (b) 0.652 (c) (c) 0.425 (d) (d) 0.575 (e) (e) 0.288 2. (2 points) In the Basque population mentioned above, what proportion of the Rh+ individuals would be expected to be heterozygote? (a) (a) 0.454 (b) (b) 0.789 (answer) (c) (c) 0.516 (d) (d) 0.250 (e) (e) 0.500 How is the answer for #2, b? please explain
- 63. In an isolated population, a single mutation allele of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene is present at a frequency of 0.1. The normal CFTR allele and the mutation allele are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in this population. Which of the following is the approximate frequency of homozygosity for the normal CFTR allele in this population? A) 0 OB) 0.01 C) 0.05 D) 0.2 E) 0.5 F) 0.8 G) 1.0 Сони back to1 in 1700 US Caucasian newborns has cystic fibrosis, which is only present in individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype. Assuming the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, what is the allele frequency of the dominant allele in the population.8% of XY individuals are color blind in a population. Assume Hardy-Weinberg conditions. Submit your answer as it is. a) What is the percentage of color-blind XX individuals? b) What is the percentage of XX individuals who are carriers? c) If this population has 1000 individuals with 50% of male and 50% of female, how many carriers are present in this population? Submit your answer as it is. Do not round up.