Q2: Consider a molecular interaction denoted as X-HY, where "-" signifies a covalent bond and "..." indicates hydrogen bonding. The system can be described as a superposition of three structures: |X-HY-)= V1+s 1 0 (s) |X:, H+,: Y-) = (1); |X:-, H-Y) = 0 0 0 (s), 1 where 0 < s << 1. The first (last) structure represents a pure covalent bond between the atoms X (Y) and H, with Y (X) carrying a negative charge. The middle structure depicts an ionic configuration where X and Y bear negative charges, while H carries a positive charge. In this structure, there is no covalent bond. The Hamiltonian for this molecular system reads 0 0 2€ 2€ 0 H=(0 -E မဝါဝ I a) Determine the expected energies for the covalent structures IX-H, Y) and (X:-, H-Y). b) Calculate the expected energy for the ionic structure IX: H: Y) and compare its stability with the covalent structures.

Consider the arrangement: fly F (b) 0=45° r (nm) 0.5 1.0 1.5 4.0 +0₂ (a) = 2.0 nm 0 (degree) 0 45 90 180 +Q₁ Calculate the molecular potential energy of interaction between two HCI molecules (μ = 1.08 D) at the given separations (r) and angles (0). Comment on your results. V (J/mol) 8 -Q₂ V (J/mol)

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ENTROPY AND FREE ENERGY Estimating a phase transition temperature from standard therm... DENNIS Using the thermodynamic information in the ALEKS Data tab, calculate the boiling point of bromine (Br,). Round your answer to the nearest degree. x10 X 5 nData X [+] Bond energies For example, the energy it takes to break an oxygen-hydrogen single bond, or carbon-carbon double bond. [-1 Thermodynamic properties of pure substances Standard thermodynamic quantities for selected substances at 25°C listed alphabetically by most important atom. AG (kJ/mol) So (J/mol-K) AHf (kJ/mol) substance Aluminum -485.0 Al3+ (aq) 28.3 0 Al (s) 0 50.9 -1582.3 Al203 (s) -1675.7 -1147.25 Al(OH)3 (s) Bromine -104.0 Br (aq) 152.2 0 Br2 (I) 245.5 3.1 30.9 Br2 (g) 198.7 -53.4 -36.3 HBr (g) Calcium -553.6 Ca2+ (aq) -795.4 CaCl2 (s) -634.9 CaO (s) Explanation se Privacy -985.2 Ca(OH)2 (s)

For a gaseous reaction, standard conditions are 298 K and a partial pressure of 1 bar for all species. For the reaction C,H,(g) + H, (g) =2CH,(g) the standard change in Gibbs free energy is AG" = -72.6 kJ/mol. What is AG for this reaction at 298 K when the partial pressures are Pc,H, = 0.450 bar, P, = 0.400 bar, and PCH, = 0.900 bar? AG = kJ/mol

Suppose now that argon is added to the mixture in the previous exercise to bring the composition closer to real air, with mole fractions 0.780. 0.210, and 0.0096, respectively. (a) What is the additional change in molar Gibbs energy and entropy at 298 K? (b) Is the mixing spontaneous?